EFFECT OF INTERNAL RIB CONFIGURATIONS ON THE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF A 30-DEG INCLINED FILM COOLING HOLE

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Heneka ◽  
Achmed Schulz ◽  
Hans-Jorg Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Cooling Hole

Experimental Study on Pressure Losses in Circular Orifices With Inlet Cross Flow

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Feseker ◽  
Mats Kinell ◽  
Matthias Neef
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Secondary Air

The ability to understand and predict the pressure losses of orifices is important in order to improve the air flow within the secondary air system. This experimental study investigates the behavior of the discharge coefficient for circular orifices with inlet cross flow which is a common flow case in gas turbines. Examples of this are at the inlet of a film cooling hole or the feeding of air to a blade through an orifice in a rotor disk. Measurements were conducted for a total number of 38 orifices, covering a wide range of length-to-diameter ratios, including short and long orifices with varying inlet geometries. Up to five different chamfer-to-diameter and radius-to-diameter ratios were tested per orifice length. Furthermore, the static pressure ratio across the orifice was varied between 1.05 and 1.6 for all examined orifices. The results of this comprehensive investigation demonstrate the beneficial influence of rounded inlet geometries and the ability to decrease pressure losses, which is especially true for higher cross flow ratios where the reduction of the pressure loss in comparison to sharp-edged holes can be as high as 54%. With some exceptions, the chamfered orifices show a similar behavior as the rounded ones but with generally lower discharge coefficients. Nevertheless, a chamfered inlet yields lower pressure losses than a sharp-edged inlet. The obtained experimental data were used to develop two correlations for the discharge coefficient as a function of geometrical as well as flow properties.

Large-Scale Testing to Validate the Influence of External Crossflow on the Discharge Coefficients of Film Cooling Holes

2000 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Rowbury ◽  
M. L. G. Oldfield ◽  
G. D. Lock
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Static Pressure ◽  
Free Stream ◽  
Discharge Coefficients ◽  
Large Scale Testing ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

This paper discusses large-scale, low-speed experiments that explain unexpected flow-interaction phenomena witnessed during annular cascade studies into the influence of external crossflow on film cooling hole discharge coefficients. More specifically, the experiments throw light on the crossover phenomenon, where the presence of the external crossflow can, under certain circumstances, increase the discharge coefficient. This is contrary to most situations, where the external flow results in a decrease in discharge coefficient. The large-scale testing reported helps to explain this phenomenon through an increased understanding of the interaction between the emerging coolant jet and the free-stream flow. The crossover phenomenon came to light during an investigation into the influence of external crossflow on the discharge coefficients of nozzle guide vane film cooling holes. These experiments were performed in the Cold Heat Transfer Tunnel (CHTT), an annular blowdown cascade of film cooled vanes that models the three-dimensional external flow patterns found in modern aero-engines. (Rowbury et al., 1997, 1998). The variation in static pressure around the exit of film cooling holes under different flow conditions was investigated in the large-scale tests. The study centered on three holes whose geometries were based on those found in the leading edge region of the CHTT vanes, as the crossover phenomenon was witnessed for these rows during the initial testing. The experiments were carried out in a low-speed wind tunnel, with the tunnel free-stream flow velocity set to match the free-stream Reynolds number (based on the local radius of curvature) and the “coolant” flow velocity set to replicate the engine coolant-to-free-stream momentum flux ratio. It was found that the apparent enhancement of film cooling hole discharge coefficients with external crossflow was caused by a reduction in the static pressure around the hole exit, associated with the local acceleration of the free-stream around the emerging coolant jet. When these measured static pressures (rather than the free-stream static pressure) were used to calculate the discharge coefficient, the crossover effect was absent. The improved understanding of the crossover phenomenon and coolant-to-free-stream interactions that has been gained will be valuable in aiding the formulation of predictive discharge coefficient schemes.

Discharge Coefficient Measurements of Film-Cooling Holes With Expanded Exits

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gritsch ◽  
A. Schulz ◽  
S. Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Cylindrical Hole ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Shaped Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

This paper presents the discharge coefficients of three film-cooling hole geometries tested over a wide range of flow conditions. The hole geometries include a cylindrical hole and two holes with a diffuser-shaped exit portion (i.e., a fan-shaped and a laidback fan-shaped hole). The flow conditions considered were the crossflow Mach number at the hole entrance side (up to 0.6), the crossflow Mach number at the hole exit side (up to 1.2), and the pressure ratio across the hole (up to 2). The results show that the discharge coefficient for all geometries tested strongly depends on the flow conditions (crossflows at hole inlet and exit, and pressure ratio). The discharge coefficient of both expanded holes was found to be higher than of the cylindrical hole, particularly at low pressure ratios and with a hole entrance side crossflow applied. The effect of the additional layback on the discharge coefficient is negligible.

Effect of Internal Rib Configurations on the Discharge Coefficient of a 30 deg-Inclined Film Cooling Hole

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 769-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Heneka ◽  
Achmed Schulz ◽  
Hans-Jorg Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Cooling Hole

scholarly journals Discharge Coefficient Measurements of Film-Cooling Holes With Expanded Exits

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gritsch ◽  
A. Schulz ◽  
S. Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Cylindrical Hole ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Discharge Coefficients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

This paper presents the discharge coefficients of three film-cooling hole geometries tested over a wide range of flow conditions. The hole geometries include a cylindrical hole and two holes with a diffuser shaped exit portion (i.e. a fanshaped and a laidback fanshaped hole). The flow conditions considered were the crossflow Mach number at the hole entrance side (up to 0.6), the crossflow Mach number at the hole exit side (up to 1.2), and the pressure ratio across the hole (up to 2). The results show that the discharge coefficient for all geometries tested strongly depends on the flow conditions (crossflows at hole inlet and exit, and pressure ratio). The discharge coefficient of both expanded holes was found to be higher than of the cylindrical hole, particularly at low pressure ratios and with a hole entrance side crossflow applied. The effect of the additional layback on the discharge coefficient is negligible.

Effect of Crossflows on the Discharge Coefficient of Film Cooling Holes With Varying Angles of Inclination and Orientation

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gritsch ◽  
Achmed Schulz ◽  
Sigmar Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Orientation Angle ◽  
Discharge Coefficients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Discharge Behavior ◽  
Hole Geometry ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Measurements of discharge coefficients for five configurations of cylindrical film cooling hole geometries are presented. These comprise holes of varying angles of inclination (α= 30, 45, and 90deg) and orientation (γ= 0, 45, and 90deg) which are tested over a wide range of engine like conditions in terms of internal and external crossflow Mach numbers (Mam=0…1.2, Mac=0…0.6) as well as pressure ratios (ptc/pm=1…2.25). Results show that discharge coefficients do not solely depend on hole geometry but are also profoundly affected by the internal and external crossflow conditions. The effect of increasing the orientation angle on the discharge behavior is very similar to the effect of increasing the inclination angle. Both result in higher losses particularly at the cooling hole inlet while the losses at the hole exit are only slightly affected.

Quantifying Blowing Ratio for Shaped Cooling Holes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Cerantola ◽  
A. M. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Adiabatic Wall ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cooling Performance ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Cooling Hole

Effusion cooling was a popular technology integrated into the design of gas turbine combustor liners. A staggering amount of research was completed that quantified performance with respect to operating conditions and cooling hole geometric properties; however, most of these investigations did not address the influence of the manufacturing process on the hole shape. This study completed an adiabatic wall numerical analysis using the realizable k-ε turbulence model of a laser-drilled hole that had a nozzled profile with an area ratio of 0.24 and five additional cylindrical, nozzled, diffusing, and filleted holes that yielded the same hole mass flow rate at representative engine conditions. The traditional methods for quantifying blowing ratio yielded the same value for all holes that was not useful considering the substantial differences in film cooling performance. It was proposed to define hole mass flux based on the outlet y-cross sectional area projected onto the inclination angle plane. This gave blowing ratios that correlated to better and worse cooling performance for the diffusing and nozzled holes respectively. The diffusing hole delivered the best film cooling due to having the lowest effluent velocity and greatest amount of in-hole turbulent production, which coincided with the worst discharge coefficient.

Effect of Crossflows on the Discharge Coefficient of Film Cooling Holes

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hay ◽  
D. Lampard ◽  
S. Benmansour
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

The strongest flow parameter governing the film cooling effectiveness provided by a row of holes is the blowing rate. Precise setting of the blowing rate at the design stage requires accurate data for the discharge coefficient of the holes. The effects of crossflow on the discharge coefficient have received scant attention in published work to date. In the present work, the discharge coefficient of single rows of holes has been measured in a specially constructed isothermal rig over a wide range of geometric and flow conditions. Mainstream and coolant Mach numbers have been varied independently over the range 0 to 0.4 for pressure ratios in the range 0 to 2. Cooling hole length to diameter ratios were varied between 2 and 6, and inclinations of 30, 60, and 90 deg were used. The results show that the influence of crossflow is strong and complex, particularly with regard to that on the coolant side. A large range of data is presented sufficient to permit the discharge coefficient to be inferred for many cases of practical importance. Suggestions are also made for a promising theoretical approach to this problem.

Large-Scale Testing to Validate the Influence of External Crossflow on the Discharge Coefficients of Film Cooling Holes

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Rowbury ◽  
M. L. G. Oldfield ◽  
G. D. Lock
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Static Pressure ◽  
External Flow ◽  
Discharge Coefficients ◽  
Large Scale Testing ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

This paper discusses large-scale, low-speed experiments that explain unexpected flow-interaction phenomena witnessed during annular cascade studies into the influence of external crossflow on film cooling hole discharge coefficients. More specifically, the experiments throw light on the crossover phenomenon, where the presence of the external crossflow can, under certain circumstances, increase the discharge coefficient. This is contrary to most situations, where the external flow results in a decrease in discharge coefficient. The large-scale testing reported helps to explain this phenomena through an increased understanding of the interaction between the emerging coolant jet and the freestream flow. The crossover phenomenon came to light during an investigation into the influence of external crossflow on the discharge coefficients of nozzle guide vane film cooling holes. These experiments were performed in the Cold Heat Transfer Tunnel (CHTT), an annular blowdown cascade of film cooled vanes which models the three-dimensional external flow patterns found in modern aero-engines. (Rowbury et al., 1997 and 1998). The variation in static pressure around the exit of film cooling holes under different flow conditions was investigated in the large-scale tests. The study centred on three holes whose geometries were based on those found in the leading edge region of the CHTT vanes, as the crossover phenomenon was witnessed for these rows during the initial testing. The experiments were carried out in a low speed wind tunnel, with the tunnel freestream flow velocity set to match the freestream Reynolds number (as based on the local radius of curvature) and the ‘coolant’ flow velocity set to replicate the engine coolant-to-freestream momentum flux ratio. It was found that the apparent enhancement of film cooling hole discharge coefficients with external crossflow was caused by a reduction in the static pressure around the hole exit, associated with the local acceleration of the freestream around the emerging coolant jet. When these measured static pressures (rather than the freestream static pressure) were used to calculate the discharge coefficient, the crossover effect was absent. The improved understanding of the crossover phenomenon and coolant-to-freestream interactions that has been gained will be valuable in aiding the formulation of predictive discharge coefficient schemes.

Effect of Crossflows on the Discharge Coefficient of Film Cooling Holes With Varying Angles of Inclination and Orientation

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gritsch ◽  
Achmed Schulz ◽  
Sigmar Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Orientation Angle ◽  
Discharge Coefficients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Discharge Behavior ◽  
Hole Geometry ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Measurements of discharge coefficients for five configurations of cylindrical film cooling hole geometries are presented. These comprise holes of varying angles of inclination (α=30, 45, and 90 deg) and orientation (γ=0, 45, and 90 deg), which are tested over a wide range of engine-like conditions in terms of internal and external crossflow Mach numbers (Mam=0…1.2,Mac=0…0.6) as well as pressure ratios ptc/pm=1…2.25. Results show that discharge coefficients do not depend solely on hole geometry, but are also profoundly affected by the internal and external crossflow conditions. The effect of increasing the orientation angle on the discharge behavior is very similar to the effect of increasing the inclination angle. Both result in higher losses, particularly at the cooling hole inlet while the losses at the hole exit are only slightly affected.

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