A roadmap to better COVID-19 testing from the Coronavirus Standards Working Group

Testing has been central to our response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the accuracy of testing relies on standards, including reference materials, proficiency testing schemes, and information and reporting guidelines. The use of standards is a simple, inexpensive, and effective method to ensure reliable test results that inform clinical and public health decisions. Here we describe the central role of standards during the COVID-19 pandemic, where they have enabled population-scale screening, genomic surveillance and measures of immune protection measures. Given these benefits, the Coronavirus Standards Working Group (CSWG) was formed to coordinate standards in SARS-CoV-2 testing. This network of scientists has developed best-practices, reference materials, and conducted proficiency studies to harmonize laboratory performance. We propose that this coordinated development of standards should be prioritized as a key early step in the public health response to future pandemics that is necessary for reliable, large-scale testing for infectious disease.

Digitization and Analysis of Capnography Using Image Processing Technique

The study of carbon dioxide expiration is called capnometry. The graphical representation of capnometry is called capnography. There is a growing interest in the usage of capnography as the usage has expanded toward the study of metabolism, circulation, lung perfusion and diffusion, quality of spontaneous respiration, and patency of airways outside of its typical usage in the anesthetic and emergency medicine field. The parameters of the capnograph could be classified as carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and time points and coordinates, slopes angle, volumetric studies, and functional transformation of wave data. Up to date, there is no gold standard device for the calculation of the capnographic parameters. Capnography digitization using the image processing technique could serve as an option. From the algorithm we developed, eight identical breath waves were tested by four investigators. The values of the parameters chosen showed no significant difference between investigators. Although there were no significant differences between any of the parameters tested, there were a few related parameters that were not calculable. Further testing after refinement of the algorithm could be done. As more capnographic parameters are being derived and rediscovered by clinicians and researchers alike for both lung and non-lung-related diseases, there is a dire need for data analysis and interpretation. Although the proposed algorithm still needs minor refinements and further large-scale testing, we proposed that the digitization of the capnograph via image processing technique could serve as an intellectual option as it is fast, convenient, easy to use, and efficient.

Characterization of an Isolate of Citrus Concave Gum-Associated Virus from Apples in China and Development of an RT-RPA Assay for the Rapid Detection of the Virus

Apple (Malus domestica) fruits exhibiting bright stripe symptoms were identified in Weihai City, Shandong Province, China. To investigate the virome in the apple samples, the method of high throughput sequencing (HTS) was used to identify the viruses. It was found that the sequence of citrus concave gum-associated virus (CCGaV) was involved in the apple transcriptome dataset. The full-length genome of the CCGaV-Weihai isolate contained two segments, the RNA1 was 6674 nt in size containing a conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the RNA2 was ambisense, 2706 nt in length, encoding a movement protein (MP) and a coat protein (CP). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses indicated that CCGaV-Weihai was more closely related to CCGaV-H2799 isolated from the apple host in the United States and distantly related to CCGaV-CGW2 from Citrus sinensis in Italy, indicating a possibly geographical and host differentiation of CCGaV isolates. This was the first identification and characterization of CCGaV infecting apples in China. Additionally, a rapid and sensitive reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay technique was established for CCGaV detection in apple plants. The RT-RPA of CCGaV was not affected by other common viruses in apple plants and is about 10-fold more sensitive than the conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method, which can be used in large-scale testing.

IMPACT OF SOCIAL DISTANCING IN CURBING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Social distancing includes strategies to ban public gatherings and advise individuals to stay at their home or maintain distance to one another by at least 1-2 meters. This study aims to intend to assess all the available evidence of social distancing in decreasing COVID-19 transmission in the general population. We conducted an electronic search of published literature using MEDLINE/Pubmed, Science direct, PMC, Wiley, and Google Scholar and we use Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist to assess methodological qualities. A total of 7 articles were decided to be included in this study. Social distancing has curb down the number and saved approximately 10 thousand Brazilian lives. A study by VoPham et al on the association of social distancing and COVID-19 incidence found higher social distancing was associated with a 29% reduction of COVID-19 incidence (adjusted IRR 0.71;95% CI (0,57-0,87) and 35% reduction of COVID-19 mortality (adjusted IRR 0,65; 95% CI 0,55-0,76). Social distancing is one of the major policies implemented for long-term behavioral adjustment in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Passive social distancing is not enough to drag down the number, there needs to be large scale testing, isolation, and contact tracing. However, we believe we have illuminated the impact of social distancing on the COVID-19 pandemic and add to the available literature the basis of social distancing in reducing transmission of COVID-19.

Feature Extraction, Ageing Modelling and Information Analysis of a Large-Scale Battery Ageing Experiment

Large scale testing of newly developed Li-ion cells is associated with high costs for the interested parties, and ideally, testing time should be kept to a minimum. In this work, an ageing model was developed and trained with real data from a large-scale testing experiment in order to answer how much testing time and data would have been really needed to achieve similar model generalisation performance on previously unseen data. A linear regression model was used, and the feature engineering, extraction and selection steps are shown herein, alongside accurate prediction results for the majority of the accelerated ageing experiments. Information analysis was performed to achieve the desired data reduction, obtaining similar model properties with a fifth of the number of cells and half of the testing time. The proposed ageing model uses features commonly found in the literature, and the structure is simple enough for the training to be performed online in an EV. It has good generalisation capabilities. Lastly, the data reduction approach used here is model-independent, allowing a similar methodology to be used with different modelling assumptions.

Screening High-Risk Groups and the General Population for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acids in a Mobile Biosafety Laboratory

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has challenged public health systems worldwide. Therefore, large-scale testing capacity is extremely important diagnosis and exclusion diagnosis. However, fixed laboratories are limited or far away from remote areas. Fortunately, MBS-Lab is characterized by high mobility and rapid on-site detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. MBS-Lab was first used in northern Australia during a melioidosis outbreak in 1997. The MBS-Lab and a well-trained diagnostic team were dispatched to Dongchang District, Tonghua City, Jilin Province, China to assist the SARS-CoV-2 virus screening and diagnosis on January 17, 2021. Altogether, 93,952 oropharyngeal swabs samples were collected and tested among the high-risk groups and the general population in Dongchang District. Two single samples were identified as positive in the second turn screening. In the second turn screening, 3 mixed samples (10 in 1) were identified as positive; 10 mixed samples were identified as positive in the third turn screening. By resampling again, one and four cases were identified as positive, respectively. The positive cases were properly isolated and treated in hospital and avoided to visit family members, friends, colleagues and any other persons. Through this way of large-scale screening, human-human spread of SARS-CoV-2 can be effectively avoided. In addition, all staff members strictly executed multiple safety precautions and reduce exposure risks. In the end, none of the staffs was infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus or other pathogens. As an emergency facility for infectious disease control, the MBS-Lab satisfies the requirements of ports and other remote areas far from fixed laboratories and supplements the capabilities of fixed laboratories.

Neutralising SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific antibodies persist for at least six months independently of symptoms in adults

Background In spring 2020, at the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Europe, we set up an assay system for large-scale testing of virus-specific and neutralising antibodies including their longevity. Methods We analysed the sera of 1655 adult employees for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies using the S1 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Sera containing S1-reactive antibodies were further evaluated for receptor-binding domain (RBD)- and nucleocapsid protein (NCP)-specific antibodies in relation to the neutralisation test (NT) results at three time points over six months. Results We detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and/or IgA antibodies reactive to the S1 protein in 10.15% (n = 168) of the participants. In total, 0.97% (n = 16) are positive for S1-IgG, 0.91% (n = 15) were S1-IgG- borderline and 8.28% (n = 137) exhibit only S1-IgA antibodies. Of the 168 S1-reactive sera, 8.33% (n = 14) have detectable RBD-specific antibodies and 6.55% (n = 11) NCP-specific antibodies. The latter correlates with NTs (kappa coefficient = 0.8660) but start to decline after 3 months. RBD-specific antibodies correlate most closely with the NT (kappa = 0.9448) and only these antibodies are stable for up to six months. All participants with virus-neutralising antibodies report symptoms, of which anosmia and/or dysgeusia correlate most closely with the detection of virus-neutralising antibodies. Conclusions RBD-specific antibodies are most reliably detected post-infection, independent of the number/severity of symptoms, and correlate with neutralising antibodies at least for six months. They thus qualify best for large-scale seroepidemiological evaluation of both antibody reactivity and virus neutralisation.