Detection of Narrow-Band Signals with Noise Level Assessment

The paper presents the results of operational testing of two acoustic components of research equipment «Bar» (a leak detector and ultrasound analyzer) onboard the ISS Russian segment. It was found that the ultrasonic (US) background noise interferes in leak search; besides, it exceeds dramatically the adopted noise level constraint thus impacting crew health and efficiency, and oral communication. The narrow-band noise spectra were measured and the expressed tone property of the US noise was demonstrated. The authors make the point that the present noise level constraints for space habitats do not take into account all realities of the life of cosmonauts and lack a solid medical and acoustic background.

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Stop the Whine!: Narrow-Band Noise Level Measurements of Three Highway Pavements

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1601-11 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1601 (1) ◽

pp. 71-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Domenick Billera ◽

Bela Schmidt ◽

Wayne Miller

Keyword(s):

Noise Level ◽

Narrow Band ◽

Measured Data ◽

Traffic Data ◽

Octave Band ◽

Highway Traffic ◽

Noise Levels ◽

Heavy Trucks ◽

Band Noise ◽

Real Traffic

The origins of an annoying high-pitched sound emitted by highway traffic were investigated. Wayside noise levels of single vehicles passing over three types of pavement surfaces were measured using real traffic. Data based on a statistically significant number of samples are presented for automobiles and heavy trucks. All data were collected using a realtime analyzer with 1/3-and 1/12-octave band resolution. The measured data confirmed the transverse grooved pavement as the noisiest with a noticeable concentration of sound, often described as a “whine.” Data for the asphalt and longitudinally grooved surfaces indicated lower overall noise levels and a near absence of the whine.

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Statistical analysis of classification

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900053420 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 188-189

Author(s):

T. J. Deeming

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Classification Scheme ◽

Analytical Procedure ◽

Narrow Band ◽

Scientific Research ◽

Maximum Amount ◽

Amount Of Information

If we make a set of measurements, such as narrow-band or multicolour photo-electric measurements, which are designed to improve a scheme of classification, and in particular if they are designed to extend the number of dimensions of classification, i.e. the number of classification parameters, then some important problems of analytical procedure arise. First, it is important not to reproduce the errors of the classification scheme which we are trying to improve. Second, when trying to extend the number of dimensions of classification we have little or nothing with which to test the validity of the new parameters.Problems similar to these have occurred in other areas of scientific research (notably psychology and education) and the branch of Statistics called Multivariate Analysis has been developed to deal with them. The techniques of this subject are largely unknown to astronomers, but, if carefully applied, they should at the very least ensure that the astronomer gets the maximum amount of information out of his data and does not waste his time looking for information which is not there. More optimistically, these techniques are potentially capable of indicating the number of classification parameters necessary and giving specific formulas for computing them, as well as pinpointing those particular measurements which are most crucial for determining the classification parameters.

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Photo-electric Hβ and uvby photometry

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900053407 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 170-180

Author(s):

D. L. Crawford

Keyword(s):

Narrow Band ◽

Line Strength ◽

Interference Filter ◽

B Stars ◽

Relative Line ◽

The Mean ◽

F Stars ◽

Two Parameters ◽

Filter Photometry ◽

The Continuum

Early in the 1950's Strömgren (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) introduced medium to narrow-band interference filter photometry at the McDonald Observatory. He used six interference filters to obtain two parameters of astrophysical interest. These parameters he calledlandc, for line and continuum hydrogen absorption. The first measured empirically the absorption line strength of Hβby means of a filter of half width 35Å centered on Hβand compared to the mean of two filters situated in the continuum near Hβ. The second index measured empirically the Balmer discontinuity by means of a filter situated below the Balmer discontinuity and two above it. He showed that these two indices could accurately predict the spectral type and luminosity of both B stars and A and F stars. He later derived (6) an indexmfrom the same filters. This index was a measure of the relative line blanketing near 4100Å compared to two filters above 4500Å. These three indices confirmed earlier work by many people, including Lindblad and Becker. References to this earlier work and to the systems discussed today can be found in Strömgren's article inBasic Astronomical Data(7).

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Southern Hemisphere Seti Survey: Five Years of Project Meta II

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100015153 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 611-621

Author(s):

Guillermo A. Lemarchand ◽

Fernando R. Colomb ◽

E. Eduardo Hurrell ◽

Juan Carlos Olalde

Keyword(s):

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Scattering Theory ◽

Galactic Plane ◽

Narrow Band ◽

Neutral Hydrogen ◽

Sky Survey ◽

Inertial Frames ◽

Interstellar Scattering ◽

Extraterrestrial Origin ◽

Spectral Channels

AbstractProject META II, a full sky survey for artificial narrow-band signals, has been conducted from one of the two 30-m radiotelescopes of the Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía (IAR). The search was performed near the 1420 Mhz line of neutral hydrogen, using a 8.4 million channels Fourier spectrometer of 0.05 Hz resolution and 400 kHz instantaneous bandwidth. The observing frequency was corrected both for motions with respect to three astronomical inertial frames, and for the effect of Earths rotation, which provides a characteristic changing signature for narrow-band signals of extraterrestrial origin. Among the 2 × 1013spectral channels analyzed, 29 extra-statistical narrow-band events were found, exceeding the average threshold of 1.7 × 10−23Wm−2. The strongest signals that survive culling for terrestrial interference lie in or near the galactic plane. A description of the project META II observing scheme and results is made as well as the possible interpretation of the results using the Cordes-Lazio-Sagan model based in interstellar scattering theory.

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Electron Microscopy in Molecular Biology

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100060027 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 2-3

Author(s):

Cecil E. Hall

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Molecular Biology ◽

Noise Level ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Material Structure ◽

The Arts ◽

Shadow Casting ◽

Electron Image ◽

High Degree ◽

Very High

The visualization of organic macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and virus components has reached its high degree of effectiveness owing to refinements and reliability of instruments and to the invention of methods for enhancing the structure of these materials within the electron image. The latter techniques have been most important because what can be seen depends upon the molecular and atomic character of the object as modified which is rarely evident in the pristine material. Structure may thus be displayed by the arts of positive and negative staining, shadow casting, replication and other techniques. Enhancement of contrast, which delineates bounds of isolated macromolecules has been effected progressively over the years as illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 by these methods. We now look to the future wondering what other visions are waiting to be seen. The instrument designers will need to exact from the arts of fabrication the performance that theory has prescribed as well as methods for phase and interference contrast with explorations of the potentialities of very high and very low voltages. Chemistry must play an increasingly important part in future progress by providing specific stain molecules of high visibility, substrates of vanishing “noise” level and means for preservation of molecular structures that usually exist in a solvated condition.

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Detection of a point defect in a silicon single crystal by high-resolution TEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100138701 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 466-467

Author(s):

M. Awaji

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Single Crystal ◽

Point Defect ◽

Point Defects ◽

Noise Level ◽

Dark Field ◽

Silicon Single Crystal ◽

High Resolution Image ◽

Dark Field Imaging ◽

Field Imaging

It is necessary to improve the resolution, brightness and signal-to-noise ratio(s/n) for the detection and identification of point defects in crystals. In order to observe point defects, multi-beam dark-field imaging is one of the useful methods. Though this method can improve resolution and brightness compared with dark-field imaging by diffuse scattering, the problem of s/n still exists. In order to improve the exposure time due to the low intensity of the dark-field image and the low resolution, we discuss in this paper the bright-field high-resolution image and the corresponding subtracted image with reference to a changing noise level, and examine the possibility for in-situ observation, identification and detection of the movement of a point defect produced in the early stage of damage process by high energy electron bombardment.The high-resolution image contrast of a silicon single crystal in the [10] orientation containing a triple divacancy cluster is calculated using the Cowley-Moodie dynamical theory and for a changing gaussian noise level. This divacancy model was deduced from experimental results obtained by electron spin resonance. The calculation condition was for the lMeV Berkeley ARM operated at 800KeV.

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Infant Responses to Recorded Sounds

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.1104.811 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 811-816 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maurice I. Mendel

Keyword(s):

White Noise ◽

Narrow Band ◽

Limited Bandwidth ◽

Broadband Spectrum ◽

Continuous Band

Thirty infants, ranging in age from 4 to 11 months, were tested with five different recorded sounds that varied in bandwidth and temporal configuration: a continuous band of white noise, the same band of noise interrupted twice per second, the crinkling of onionskin paper, a narrow band of noise centered at 3000 Hz, and a warbled 3000 Hz tone. With loudness and duration of the stimuli held constant, more responses occurred to sounds composed of a broadband spectrum than to those of a limited bandwidth. Temporal configuration of the sound had no effect on the number of responses elicited.

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