Survey on Driver Drowsiness Detection System

We proposed to use this system to minimise the frequency of accidents caused by driver exhaustion, hence improving road safety. This device uses optical information and artificial intelligence to identify driver sleepiness automatically. We use Softmax to find, monitor, and analyse the driver's face and eyes in order to calculate PERCLOS (% of eye closure). It will also employ alcohol pulse detection to determine whether or not the person is normal. Due to extended driving durations and boredom in crowded settings, driver weariness is one of the leading causes of traffic accidents, particularly for drivers of big vehicles (such as buses and heavy trucks). Keywords: Driver Drowsiness, OpenCV, TensorFlow, Image Processing, Computer Vision

Enhancing turbulence: a potential strategy for drag reduction based on ground transportation systems (GTS) model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanism and performance of a potential strategy, which is to enhance turbulence to carry out drag reduction for heavy trucks. Design/methodology/approach Enhancing turbulence deflector (ETD) was placed on the roof surface of an ground transportation system (GTS) to investigate the drag reduction mechanism of enhancing turbulence. Transition shear-stress transport improved delay detach eddy simulation model was adopted to simulate the unsteady small-scale flow around the ETD. Findings By optimizing the three influencing factors, diameter, streamwise length and streamwise position, the optimized ETD has achieved a maximum drag reduction of 7.04%. The analysis of flow field results shows that enhancing turbulence can effectively suppress flow separation and reduce the negative pressure intensity in the wake region of GTS. Originality/value The present work provides another potential possibility for the improvement of the aerodynamic performance of heavy trucks.

Analysis of the Wear Process of the Elements in the Braking System of Heavy Trucks

Today's commercial vehicles work in a very competitive environment, in an extremely active economic market and the requirements for the delivered performance make it imperative to study in detail each component element. In practice, all these aspects are found in the process of wearing the elements of different systems. Moreover, major changes are expected for the near future of motor vehicles in order to improve the ecological balance both by reducing the pollutant emissions of the propellants and by improving the percentage of recyclability and reduction of waste from maintenance (liquids and solutions such as oils, antifreeze or solutions with different detergents). In order to identify solutions to improve the mentioned problems, the current study analyses the types of wear identified in the elements of the braking system of commercial vehicles and their main factors of influence. The study is based on data obtained during analysis during operation for a number of trucks with different configurations.

Influence of Contamination of Gear Oils in Relation to Time of Operation on Their Lubricity

The quality and reliability of consumables, including gear oils, results in the failure-free operation of the transmission components in heavy trucks. It is known that oil viscosity is essential for all lubricated tribopairs for wear and friction reduction in all vehicles with a gearbox. Viscosity may be influenced by the contamination that wear products can impart on the oil. Oil contamination can also affect lubrication efficiency in the boundary friction conditions in gearboxes where slips occur (including bevel and hypoid gearboxes). The present research focused on this issue. An obvious hypothesis was adopted, where it was theorized that exploiting the contaminants that are present in gear oil may affect how the lubricating properties of gear oils deteriorate. Laboratory tests were performed on contaminants that are commonly found in gear oil using the Parker Laser CM20. The study was designed to identify a number of different solid particles that are present in oil. At the second stage, friction tests were conducted for a friction couple “ball-on-disc” in an oil bath at 90 °C on a CSM microtribometer. The quantitative contamination of the gear oils that contained solid particles and the curves representing the friction coefficients of fresh oils with a history of exploitation were compared. The test results were statistically analysed. Exploitation was shown to have a significant impact on the contamination of gear oils. It was revealed that the contamination and the mileage had no effect on the tested oils.

Examination of the Share of Medium and Heavy Trucks in the SR

The state of the environment is deteriorating due to human activity. Today, almost no major international forum can avoid addressing environmental issues. Environmental protection has therefore become a mandatory issue for every responsible politician. In addition to contributing to economic growth, the role of road transport should be to ensure sustainable transport and solutions for people and goods around the world. The European Parliament has adopted Directive 2019/1161 on the promotion of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient road transport vehicles, which defines the obligations and forms of support for the procurement of environmentally friendly vehicles. In addition to these transport tasks, there is also a challenge to reduce CO2 emissions in transport through the use of new technologies in transport. Also in road freight transport, there are currently vehicles that use alternative fuels with a more favorable environmental impact. In connection with the current EU legislation, which aims to increase the share of these vehicles, attention is paid to the contribution of this area, analysis and examination of the current situation with trucks with alternative propulsion.

Mobile Nuclear-Hydrogen Synergy in NATO Operations

An uninterrupted chain of energy supplies is the core of every activity, without exception for the operations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A robust and efficient energy supply is fundamental for the success of missions and a guarantee of soldier safety. However, organizing a battlefield energy supply chain is particularly challenging because the risks and threats are particularly high. Moreover, the energy supply chain is expected to be flexible according to mission needs and able to be moved quickly if necessary. In line with ongoing technological changes, the growing popularity of hydrogen is undeniable and has been noticed by NATO as well. Hydrogen is characterised by a much higher energy density per unit mass than other fuels, which means that hydrogen fuel can increase the range of military vehicles. Consequently, hydrogen could eliminate the need for risky refuelling stops during missions as well as the number of fatalities associated with fuel delivery in combat areas. Our research shows that a promising prospect lies in the mobile technologies based on hydrogen in combination with use of the nuclear microreactors. Nuclear microreactors are small enough to be easily transported to their destinations on heavy trucks. Depending on the design, nuclear microreactors can produce 1–20 MW of thermal energy that could be used directly as heat or converted to electric power or for non-electric applications such as hydrogen fuel production. The aim of the article is to identify a model of nuclear-hydrogen synergy for use in NATO operations. We identify opportunities and threats related to mobile energy generation with nuclear-hydrogen synergy in NATO operations. The research presented in this paper identifies the best method of producing hydrogen using a nuclear microreactor. A popular and environmentally “clean” solution is electrolysis due to the simplicity of the process. However, this is less efficient than chemical processes based on, for example, the sulphur-iodine cycle. The results of the research presented in this paper show which of the methods and which cycle is the most attractive for the production of hydrogen with the use of mini-reactors. The verification criteria include: the efficiency of the process, its complexity and the residues generated as a result of the process (waste)—all taking into account usage for military purposes.

Adder Box Used in the Heavy Trucks Transmission Noise Reduction

The paper aims to analyze the vibrations of a summing box, used in heavy vehicles. An experimental setup is proposed and used for the analysis of these vibrations transmitted by the box housing, based on the measurement of the mechanical impedance. It is then shown that a simpler measurement, namely that of the generated noise spectrum, can provide equally useful results, with less effort and in a shorter time. The experimental setup is much simpler, involving a sonometer arranged in the experimental assembly. The symmetry of the box allows us to facilitate the execution of the experimental assembly, and the use of the symmetrical structure to facilitate the calculation of vibrations. The results obtained using this method in the case of a redesigned adder box are presented in the paper.