scholarly journals Studies on Leaf Formation in Rice Plants. : III. Effects of some environmental conditions on leaf development

1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koou YAMAZAKI
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Leaf Formation

scholarly journals Rice leaves undergo a rapid metabolic reconfiguration during a specific stage of primordium development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Cox ◽  
Heather J Walker ◽  
James Pitman ◽  
W Paul Quick ◽  
Lisa M Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation ◽  
Rice Leaf ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Developmental Index

Leaf development is crucial to establish the photosynthetic competency of plants. It is a process that requires coordinated changes in cell number, cell differentiation, transcriptomes, metabolomes and physiology. However, despite the importance of leaf formation for our major crops, early developmental processes for rice have not been comprehensively described. Here we detail the temporal developmental trajectory of early rice leaf development and connect morphological changes to metabolism. In particular, a developmental index based on the patterning of epidermal differentiation visualised by electron microscopy enabled high resolution staging of early growth for single primordium metabolite profiling. These data demonstrate that a switch in the constellation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites defines a narrow window towards the end of the P3 stage of leaf development. Taken in the context of other data in the literature, our results substantiate that this phase of rice leaf growth, equivalent to a change of primordium length from around 5 to 7.5 mm, defines a major shift in rice leaf determination towards a photosynthetically defined structure. We speculate that efforts to engineer rice leaf structure should focus on the developmental window prior to these determining events.

scholarly journals Host quality induces phenotypic plasticity in a wing polyphenic insect

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (29) ◽  
pp. 7563-7568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinda Lin ◽  
Yili Xu ◽  
Jianru Jiang ◽  
Mark Lavine ◽  
Laura Corley Lavine
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Host Quality ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Rice Pest ◽  
Wing Growth

Food quality is a critical environmental condition that impacts an animal’s growth and development. Many insects facing this challenge have evolved a phenotypically plastic, adaptive response. For example, many species of insect exhibit facultative wing growth, which reflects a physiological and evolutionary trade-off between dispersal and reproduction, triggered by environmental conditions. What the environmental cues are and how they are transduced to produce these alternative forms, and their associated ecological shift from dispersal to reproduction, remains an important unsolved problem in evolutionary ecology. In this study, we investigated the role that host quality has on the induction of wing development in a wing polyphenic insect exhibiting strong tradeoffs in investment between dispersal and reproduction, the brown planthopper, a serious rice pest in Asia. As rice plants grow, the short-winged brown planthopper dominates the population, but a shift occurs as the plants mature and senesce in the field such that long-winged brown planthoppers emerge and migrate. It remains unknown how changes in the rice plant induce development of the long-winged morph, despite recent discoveries on the role of the insulin and JNK signaling pathways in wing development. We found that by mimicking the glucose concentration of senescing rice plants, we significantly increased the proportion of long-winged female planthoppers. The effects of glucose on wing morph are additive with previously described effects of density. Our results show that host quality both directly regulates phenotypic plasticity and interacts with other factors such as density to produce the appropriate phenotype for specific environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Global transcriptome analysis of alfalfa reveals six key biological processes of senescent leaves

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8426
Author(s):  
Jianbo Yuan ◽  
Xinbo Sun ◽  
Tao Guo ◽  
Yuehui Chao ◽  
Liebao Han
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

Leaf senescence is a complex organized developmental stage limiting the yield of crop plants, and alfalfa is an important forage crop worldwide. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of leaf senescence and its influence on biomass in alfalfa is still limited. In this study, RNA sequencing was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in young, mature, and senescent leaves, and the functions of key genes related to leaf senescence. A total of 163,511 transcripts and 77,901 unigenes were identified from the transcriptome, and 5,133 unigenes were differentially expressed. KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that ribosome and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways are involved in leaf development and senescence in alfalfa. GO enrichment analyses exhibited that six clusters of DEGs are involved in leaf morphogenesis, leaf development, leaf formation, regulation of leaf development, leaf senescence and negative regulation of the leaf senescence biological process. The WRKY and NAC families of genes mainly consist of transcription factors that are involved in the leaf senescence process. Our results offer a novel interpretation of the molecular mechanisms of leaf senescence in alfalfa.

scholarly journals The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqi Wu ◽  
Kang Du ◽  
Xiangyang Kang ◽  
Hairong Wei
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractLeaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis. Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we provide a holistic description of leaf developmental processes that is centered on cytokinins and their signaling functions. Cytokinins maintain the growth potential (pluripotency) of shoot apical meristems, which provide stem cells for the generation of leaf primordia during the initial stage of leaf formation; cytokinins and auxins, as well as their interaction, determine the phyllotaxis pattern. The activities of cytokinins in various regions of the leaf, especially at the margins, collectively determine the final leaf morphology (e.g., simple or compound). The area of a leaf is generally determined by the number and size of the cells in the leaf. Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. During leaf senescence, cytokinins reduce sugar accumulation, increase chlorophyll synthesis, and prolong the leaf photosynthetic period. We also briefly describe the roles of other hormones, including auxin and ethylene, during the whole leaf developmental process. In this study, we review the regulatory roles of cytokinins in various leaf developmental stages, with a focus on cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction processes, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development.

The effect of density on the performance of individual plants in subterranean clover swards

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR Stern
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Competition For Light

A study was made of the growth of individual subterranean clover plants in pure cultures at 4, 16, and 36 plants dm-2. At 20 days there was no difference between plants in any of the treatments. By 41 days significant differences in root weight between densities had developed and these differences extended to top weights, branch numbers, and the rate of leaf formation as the experiment progressed. The effects on individual plants were essentially the outcome of competition for light. At all densities some plants continued to gain weight throughout the experiment while others were suppressed after an initial increase. As competition for light became more severe, variable leaf development led to increasing variation between plants. From 90 days onwards the coefficient of variation of individual top weights and root weights steadily increased at the two higher densities. Those plants that had their developing leaves heavily shaded for a period of time eventually died. The performance of individual plants is discussed in relation to the light microclimate. The experiment leads to the view that dominance and suppression are characteristic, in some degree, of all plant communities.

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