scholarly journals The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqi Wu ◽  
Kang Du ◽  
Xiangyang Kang ◽  
Hairong Wei
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractLeaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis. Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we provide a holistic description of leaf developmental processes that is centered on cytokinins and their signaling functions. Cytokinins maintain the growth potential (pluripotency) of shoot apical meristems, which provide stem cells for the generation of leaf primordia during the initial stage of leaf formation; cytokinins and auxins, as well as their interaction, determine the phyllotaxis pattern. The activities of cytokinins in various regions of the leaf, especially at the margins, collectively determine the final leaf morphology (e.g., simple or compound). The area of a leaf is generally determined by the number and size of the cells in the leaf. Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. During leaf senescence, cytokinins reduce sugar accumulation, increase chlorophyll synthesis, and prolong the leaf photosynthetic period. We also briefly describe the roles of other hormones, including auxin and ethylene, during the whole leaf developmental process. In this study, we review the regulatory roles of cytokinins in various leaf developmental stages, with a focus on cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction processes, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development.

scholarly journals Pathways of Pathogenicity: Transcriptional Stages of Germination in the Fatal Fungal PathogenRhizopus delemar

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poppy C. S. Sephton-Clark ◽  
Jose F. Muñoz ◽  
Elizabeth R. Ballou ◽  
Christina A. Cuomo ◽  
Kerstin Voelz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Large Shift ◽  
Rhizopus Delemar ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Dormant Spore

ABSTRACTRhizopus delemaris an invasive fungal pathogen responsible for the frequently fatal disease mucormycosis. Germination, a crucial mechanism by which infectious spores ofRhizopus delemarcause disease, is a key developmental process that transforms the dormant spore state into a vegetative one. The molecular mechanisms that underpin this transformation may be key to controlling mucormycosis; however, the regulation of germination remains poorly understood. This study describes the phenotypic and transcriptional changes that take place over the course of germination. This process is characterized by four distinct stages: dormancy, isotropic swelling, germ tube emergence, and hyphal growth. Dormant spores are shown to be transcriptionally unique, expressing a subset of transcripts absent in later developmental stages. A large shift in the expression profile is prompted by the initiation of germination, with genes involved in respiration, chitin, cytoskeleton, and actin regulation appearing to be important for this transition. A period of transcriptional consistency can be seen throughout isotropic swelling, before the transcriptional landscape shifts again at the onset of hyphal growth. This study provides a greater understanding of the regulation of germination and highlights processes involved in transformingRhizopus delemarfrom a single-cellular to multicellular organism.IMPORTANCEGermination is key to the growth of many organisms, including fungal spores. Mucormycete spores exist abundantly within the environment and germinate to form hyphae. These spores are capable of infecting immunocompromised individuals, causing the disease mucormycosis. Germination from spore to hyphae within patients leads to angioinvasion, tissue necrosis, and often fatal infections. This study advances our understanding of how spore germination occurs in the mucormycetes, identifying processes we may be able to inhibit to help prevent or treat mucormycosis.

scholarly journals Hair-Growth Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Metabolites: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Hair Loss ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Androgenic Alopecia ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The functional aspect of scalp hair is not only to protect from solar radiation and heat/cold exposure but also to contribute to one’s appearance and personality. Progressive hair loss has a cosmetic and social impact. Hair undergoes three stages of hair cycle: the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases. Through cyclical loss and new-hair growth, the number of hairs remains relatively constant. A variety of factors, such as hormones, nutritional status, and exposure to radiations, environmental toxicants, and medications, may affect hair growth. Androgens are the most important of these factors that cause androgenic alopecia. Other forms of hair loss include immunogenic hair loss, that is, alopecia areata. Although a number of therapies, such as finasteride and minoxidil, are approved medications, and a few others (e.g., tofacitinib) are in progress, a wide variety of structurally diverse classes of phytochemicals, including those present in ginseng, have demonstrated hair growth-promoting effects in a large number of preclinical studies. The purpose of this review is to focus on the potential of ginseng and its metabolites on the prevention of hair loss and its underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Analysis of Transcriptome and miRNAome in the Muscle of Bamei Pigs at Different Developmental Stages

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofang Wu ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Jiping Zhou ◽  
Yuhong Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Citrate Cycle ◽  
Molecular Approaches

The growth of skeletal muscle involves complex developmental processes that play an important part in the determinization of pork quality. The investigation of skeletal muscle mRNA or miRNA profiles is especially important for finding molecular approaches to improve meat quality in pig breeding. Therefore, we studied the transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) profiles of skeletal muscle with RNA-Seq in three developmental stages of pigs: 65-day embryonic (E65), postnatal 0 days (natal) and 10 months (adult). We found 10,035, 9050 and 4841 differentially expressed (DE) genes for natal vs. E65, adult vs. E65 and adult vs. natal, 55, 101 and 85 DE miRNA for natal vs. E65, adult vs. E65 and adult vs. natal, respectively. In addition, the target genes of DE miRNA that was in a negative correlation with the corresponding miRNA in the same comparison group were selected for enrichment analysis. Gene Ontology terms were mainly classified into developmental processes. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment in the Rap1 signaling pathway, citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation and carbon. Finally, RT-PCR was employed for validating the level of expression of 11 DE miRNA and 14 DEGs. The transcriptome profiles of skeletal muscle from the different developmental stages of the Bamei pigs were obtained. From these data, hundreds of DE miRNA and mRNA, and the miRNA–mRNA regulatory network can provide valuable insights into further understanding of key molecular mechanisms and improving the meat quality in pig breeding.

scholarly journals Integrating transcriptome and metabolome reveals molecular networks involved in genetic and environmental variation in tobacco

DNA Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingping Liu ◽  
Jie Luo ◽  
Qingxia Zheng ◽  
Qiansi Chen ◽  
Niu Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Gene Modules

Abstract Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is one of the most widely cultivated commercial non-food crops with significant social and economic impacts. Here we profiled transcriptome and metabolome from 54 tobacco samples (2–3 replicates; n = 151 in total) collected from three varieties (i.e. genetic factor), three locations (i.e. environmental factor), and six developmental stages (i.e. developmental process). We identified 3,405 differentially expressed (DE) genes (DEGs) and 371 DE metabolites, respectively. We used quantitative real-time PCR to validate 20 DEGs, and confirmed 18/20 (90%) DEGs between three locations and 16/20 (80%) with the same trend across developmental stages. We then constructed nine co-expression gene modules and four co-expression metabolite modules , and defined seven de novo regulatory networks, including nicotine- and carotenoid-related regulatory networks. A novel two-way Pearson correlation approach was further proposed to integrate co-expression gene and metabolite modules to identify joint gene–metabolite relations. Finally, we further integrated DE and network results to prioritize genes by its functional importance and identified a top-ranked novel gene, LOC107773232, as a potential regulator involved in the carotenoid metabolism pathway. Thus, the results and systems-biology approaches provide a new avenue to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying complex genetic and environmental perturbations in tobacco.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis of hard and tender fruit spines of cucumber to identify genes involved in morphological development of fruit spines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duo Lv ◽  
Yao Yu ◽  
Liang-Rong Xiong ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Jin-An Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Polar Transport ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Auxin Polar Transport

Abstract Background: The trichomes of cucumber fruits are also called spines. Cucumber has important commercial value, and its fruit spines represent a classical tissue with which to study the cell division and differentiation mode of multicellular trichomes. Although there have been many studies on the development of unicellular trichomes in model plants, the molecular mechanism of multicellular trichome formation remains elusive. In this study, we used a pair of cucumber materials defined as having hard (Ts, wild type) or tender (ts, mutant) spines in a previous study. The whole developmental process of fruit spines was continuously observed by microscopy and SEM. In an attempt to define the developmental stages of fruit spines, transcriptome profiles at different stages were determined to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of spine development. Results: According to significant phenotypic differences, the developmental process of fruit spines was clearly defined as involving four stages. Comparison of transcriptome profiles showed that 803 and 722 genes were upregulated in the stalk (stage II and stage III) and base (stage IV) developmental stages of fruit spines, respectively. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that for all developmental stages of fruit spines, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and signal transduction were the most noticeable pathways. However, during the development of the stalk, genes related to auxin polar transport and HD-ZIP transcription factors were significantly upregulated. bHLH transcription factors and cytoskeleton-related genes were significantly upregulated during the development of the base. In addition, stage III was the key point for differentiating between the wild type and mutant. We detected 628 DEGs between the wild type and mutant at this stage. These DEGs are mainly involved in calcium signaling of the cytoskeleton and auxin polar transport, indicating that the main reason for the disorder of the fruit spine developmental pattern in the mutant was a change in cell polarity caused by blocked intercellular signal transmission.Conclusions: Our study defines in great detail the developmental stages of cucumber fruit spines. At the same time, transcriptome profiles are used to present the gene regulatory networks at different developmental stages of cucumber fruit spines. In addition, we analyzed transcriptomic data of a wild type and mutant to elucidate the biological pathways involving C-type lectin receptor-like kinase that regulate the development of fruit spines.

scholarly journals Global transcriptome analysis of alfalfa reveals six key biological processes of senescent leaves

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8426
Author(s):  
Jianbo Yuan ◽  
Xinbo Sun ◽  
Tao Guo ◽  
Yuehui Chao ◽  
Liebao Han
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

Leaf senescence is a complex organized developmental stage limiting the yield of crop plants, and alfalfa is an important forage crop worldwide. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of leaf senescence and its influence on biomass in alfalfa is still limited. In this study, RNA sequencing was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in young, mature, and senescent leaves, and the functions of key genes related to leaf senescence. A total of 163,511 transcripts and 77,901 unigenes were identified from the transcriptome, and 5,133 unigenes were differentially expressed. KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that ribosome and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways are involved in leaf development and senescence in alfalfa. GO enrichment analyses exhibited that six clusters of DEGs are involved in leaf morphogenesis, leaf development, leaf formation, regulation of leaf development, leaf senescence and negative regulation of the leaf senescence biological process. The WRKY and NAC families of genes mainly consist of transcription factors that are involved in the leaf senescence process. Our results offer a novel interpretation of the molecular mechanisms of leaf senescence in alfalfa.

scholarly journals Foliar Spraying with Compound Amino Acid-Iron Fertilizer Increases Leaf Fresh Weight, Photosynthesis, and Fe-S Cluster Gene Expression in Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Sheng ◽  
Hao Cheng ◽  
Limin Wang ◽  
Jingyuan Shen ◽  
Meiling Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Compound Fertilizer ◽  
Cluster Biosynthesis ◽  
Cluster Gene

As one of the most important micronutrients, iron (Fe) plays a critical role in various metabolic processes during plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms towards Fe metabolism and nutrition in fruit trees are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of amino acid-Fe compound fertilizer spraying on leaf development in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) at different developmental stages. Foliar spraying with amino acid-Fe compound fertilizer did not cause any significant changes in leaf morphology but remarkably increased leaf fresh weights. Fe concentration, photosynthetic parameter, and Fe-S protein analyses revealed that Fe accumulation, total chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (PN), and stomatal conductance (gs), as well as nitrite reductase (NIR) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities, were significantly higher in the leaves sprayed with amino acid-Fe compound fertilizer than in the control leaves sprayed with distilled water. Further quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses demonstrated that Fe-S cluster biosynthesis genes were differentially expressed in the leaves at different developmental stages. Foliar spraying with amino acid-Fe compound fertilizer significantly increased the expression of the most tested Fe-S cluster biosynthesis genes. Our findings provide new insights into the understanding of effects of Fe fertilization application on leaf development in perennial woody fruit trees.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Grain Filling in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5031
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Hui Song ◽  
Pengtao Li ◽  
Yangyang Wei ◽  
Nan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Transcriptional Dynamics ◽  
Yield And Quality

Grain filling is an importantly developmental process which is associated with the yield and quality of foxtail millet (Setaria italic L.). However, the molecular mechanisms of grain filling are rarely reported in foxtail millet. In our study, RNA-seq was performed to investigate the transcriptional dynamics and identify the key genes involved in grain filling in foxtail millet at five different developmental stages. A total of 11,399 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 902 transcription factors (TFs), were identified. Certain important genes involved in grain filling were discovered through a function annotation and temporal expression patterns analysis. These genes included genes associated with starch biosynthesis, cell-wall invertases, hormone signal transduction, and polyamine metabolism pathways. The expression levels of seven randomly selected DEGs were validated by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This study provides the first insight into the changes in the gene expression of grain filling at different developmental stages in foxtail millet. These results could help understand the complex molecular mechanisms of the panicle formation in foxtail millet and other cereal crops.

scholarly journals Pathways of pathogenicity: The transcriptional stages of germination in the fatal fungal pathogen Rhizopus delemar

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poppy C. S. Sephton Clark ◽  
Jose F. Muñoz ◽  
Elizabeth R. Ballou ◽  
Christina A. Cuomo ◽  
Kerstin Voelz
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Large Shift ◽  
Rhizopus Delemar ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Dormant Spore

AbstractRhizopus delemar is an invasive fungal pathogen, responsible for the frequently fatal disease mucormycosis. Germination, a crucial mechanism by which spores of Rhizopus delemar infect and cause disease, is a key developmental process that transforms the dormant spore state into a vegetative one. Understanding the molecular mechanisms which underpin this transformation may be key to controlling mucormycosis, however the regulation of germination remains poorly understood. This study describes the phenotypic and transcriptional changes which take place over the course of germination. This process is characterised by four distinct stages: dormancy, isotropic swelling, germ tube emergence and hyphal growth. Dormant spores are shown to be transcriptionally unique, expressing a subset of transcripts absent in later developmental stages. A large shift in the expression profile is prompted by the initiation of germination, with genes involved in respiration, chitin, cytoskeleton and actin regulation appearing to be important for this transition. A period of transcriptional consistency can be seen throughout isotropic swelling, before the transcriptional landscape shifts again at the onset of hyphal growth. This study provides a greater understanding of the regulation of germination and highlights processes involved in transforming Rhizopus delemar from a single to a multicellular organism.ImportanceGermination is key to the growth of many organisms, including fungal spores. Mucormycete spores exist abundantly within the environment and germinate to form hyphae. These spores are capable of infecting immunocompromised individuals, causing the disease mucormycosis Germination from spore to hyphae within patients leads to angioinvasion, tissue necrosis and often fatal infections. This study advances our understanding of how spore germination occurs in the mucormycetes, identifying processes we may be able to inhibit to help prevent or treat mucormycosis.

Novel Findings of Anti-cancer Property of Propofol

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqiang Wang ◽  
Chien-shan Cheng ◽  
Yan Lu ◽  
Xiaowei Ding ◽  
Minmin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Intravenous Anesthetic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Attention

Background: Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, is traditionally applied for sedation and general anesthesia. Explanation: Recent attention has been drawn to explore the effect and mechanisms of propofol against cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, the proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing properties of propofol in cancer have been studied. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Conclusion: This review focused on the findings within the past ten years and aimed to provide a general overview of propofol's malignance-modulating properties and the potential molecular mechanisms.

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