Race and Revolution: Blackness in China's Long Twentieth Century

PMLA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Mei Shih
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Japanese Imperialism ◽  
Chinese Nationalism ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Western Imperialism ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Republican Government ◽  
The Many

It is in the context of race and revolution during china's long twentieth century that we can best understand the many implications of Ferdinand Oyono's Une vie de boy (1956) in China, where it was translated into the standard Sinitic script as (“The Life of a Boy Servant”) in 1984.The cycle that had begun as a national strengthening movement in the 1890s achieved some kind of completion or vindication with the early-twenty-first-century rise of China on the world stage. Chinese sovereignty was not only achieved during this century but flaunted; revolutions were not only won but largely put aside. Throughout this process, racial thinking played a crucial role, but its significance has been largely ignored because of an all-consuming nationalism that justified itself through a discourse of wounding: China was the victim of Western imperialism and the object of racism. Racism was and is supposed to be a problem for other, principally Western nations, with tainted histories of slavery and imperialism—hence the failure to acknowledge that Chinese nationalism actually has a distinct, though shifting, racial character. Chinese racial nationalism, and, for a time, racial internationalism under Mao, was a major undercurrent in China's revolutionary sequence in the long twentieth century: the late Qing reform and the ensuing republican revolution of 1911, which overthrew the Manchu Qing dynasty; the communist revolution of 1949, which drove out Western and Japanese imperialism and overthrew the republican government; and the Cultural Revolution of 1966-76, the end of which started China on the path to postsocialism, or “socialism with Chinese characteristics.”

Places of Performance

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Morash
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Irish Theatre ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Abbey Theatre ◽  
National Theatre ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Neutral Space ◽  
The Many

From the historically resonant Abbey Theatre, theatre spaces have had an influence on the ways in which Irish theatre has developed over the course of the twentieth century, from the limited proscenium arch stage of the early Abbey to the increasing exploration of found spaces and site-specific work in the 1990s and early twenty-first century. A geography of Irish theatre must take account of the significance of the place of performance in the creation of theatrical meaning. The space of the Abbey, as the national theatre, has been haunted by its past, whereas the aim of the Gate was to create a neutral space for its modernist creations, while utopian plans for an open-air amphitheatre in Achill or radical designs for the Lyric, Belfast, were never realized. The many new theatres of recent times have created untethered spaces without past associations.

Past

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Kellerman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Business Schools ◽  
First Century ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Lao Tzu ◽  
Leadership And Management ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
The Many

The chapter focuses on how leadership was taught in the distant and recent past. The first section is on five of the greatest leadership teachers ever—Lao-tzu, Confucius, Plato, Plutarch, and Machiavelli—who shared a deep belief in the idea that leadership could be taught and left legacies that included timeless and transcendent literary masterworks. The second section explores how leadership went from being conceived of as a practice reserved only for a select few to one that could be exercised by the many. The ideas of the Enlightenment changed our conception of leadership. Since then, the leadership literature has urged people without power and authority, that is, followers, to understand that they too could be agents of change. The third section turns to leadership and management in business. It was precisely the twentieth-century failure of business schools to make management a profession that gave rise to the twenty-first-century leadership industry.

Buddhist Constitutionalism in Thailand: When Rājadhammā Supersedes the Constitution

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugénie MÉRIEAU
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Functional Equivalent ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Constitutional Thought ◽  
Classical Account

AbstractThis article adds nuance to the classical account depicting Thailand as a secularized country by documenting how Buddhism informs constitutional thought and practices in contemporary Thailand. Throughout the twentieth century, Buddhist discourses have been used to bypass constitutional provisions in the name of ‘dhamma’ through the reliance on the rediscovery of the doctrine of thedhammarāja(the righteous King). In the early twenty-first century, a second rebirth of the discourse of thedhammarājaled to a further devaluation of the constitution as the supreme norm. The principles of a righteous King (totsapitrājadhammā)were reconceptualized as a functional equivalent to constitutionalism – as constraining the King’s power. This article first examines how modern lawyers used Buddhism as the vehicle to import Western constitutional ideas into the Siamese polity while reconstructing them as part of a royal legacy through the doctrine of the Ten Royal Virtues. It then turns to an analysis of the ever-increasing enshrinement of Buddhism in successive Thai constitutions since 1932. It concludes with an account of the politicization of the righteous King doctrine and its impact on constitutional practices.

scholarly journals Status gazety „Politika” w Jugosławii Karađorđeviciów (1918–1941)

2014 ◽  
pp. 106-124
Author(s):  
Konrad Sebastian Morawski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
First Century ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Status ◽  
Twenty First Century

Status of the newspaper “Politika” in Karađorđevićs’ Yugoslavia (1918-1941)The newspaper Politika was founded on 25 January 1904 by Vladislav F. Ribnikar. Since that time the Serbian Press market has begun to develop, and the Politika permanently has taken the important role up to this day. The newspaper witnessed important events in the Balkans in the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century but at the same time it was also under strong influence of Serbian centers of political authority. One example of such an influence was the status of the Politika in the period during the reign of Karađorđević dynasty in Yugoslavia, in 1918-1941. The newspaper then served a propaganda function for the royal court, particularly in 1929-1934. Then king Aleksander ruled in an authoritarian way and Politika played an important part in the country. The mechanism of functioning of the newspaper in the period of the royal authoritarianism, as well as in the remaining years of the interwar Yugoslavia was thus discussed in the article to help clarify the status of Politika under the rule of Karađorđevićs. Status gazety „Politika” w Jugosławii Karađorđeviciów (1918–1941)Gazeta pod nazwą „Politika” została założona 25 stycznia 1904 roku przez Vladislava F. Ribnikara. Od tego czasu zaczął kształtować się serbski rynek prasowy, w którym „Politika” trwale zajmuje istotne miejsce do dzisiejszego dnia. Gazeta była świadkiem ważnych i doniosłych wydarzeń na Bałkanach w XX wieku i na początku XXI wieku, ale zarazem znajdowała się również w strefie ścisłych wpływów politycznych serbskich ośrodków władzy. Jednym z przykładów takiego wpływu był status „Politiki” w okresie panowania dynastii Karađorđeviciów w Jugosławii w latach 1918–1941. Gazeta pełniła wtedy funkcję propagandową dworu królewskiego, co dało się szczególnie zauważyć w latach 1929–1934. Wtedy bowiem król Aleksander I sprawował autorytarne rządy w państwie, których ważną częścią stała się „Politika”. Mechanizm funkcjonowania gazety zarówno w okresie autorytaryzmu królewskiego, jak i w pozostałych latach międzywojennej Jugosławii został więc poddany omówieniu, które umożliwiło wyjaśnienie statusu „Politiki” pod panowaniem Karađorđeviciów.

Earth Ethics and American Catholic Environmentalism

2019 ◽  
pp. 146-162
Author(s):  
Sharon Erickson Nepstad
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
First Century ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Us ◽  
American Catholic ◽  
Activist Groups ◽  
The Catholic Church

This chapter notes that American Catholics were initially quite reluctant to embrace environmentalism. It asks, after decades of political engagement with labor, poverty, peace, women’s rights, and immigration, why did US Catholics largely overlook the growing environmental problems in the twentieth century? And what caused this to change in the early twenty-first century? The chapter summarizes early Catholic efforts to promote environmentalism and describes the initial responses of the Catholic Church and its members, who often prioritized human needs over environmental matters. It also describes how the Catholic Church and Catholic laypeople started placing greater emphasis on the environment toward the end of the twentieth century. The chapter then surveys the main themes of various Catholic teachings and publications—from the US Catholic Bishops Conference’s Renewing the Earth (1991) to Pope Francis’s encyclical Laudato Si (2015)—that have given impetus to more Catholic environmental action. The chapter concludes with a description of the work of two activist groups: the National Religious Partnership for the Environment, an ecumenical organization, and Catholic Climate Change.

The Nature and Legacy of British Imperial Internment

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Stefan Manz ◽  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
First Century ◽  
Great War ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Way

This chapter begins by highlighting the main findings of the book, including the globalization of internment by the Empire during the Great War and the consequences for individuals and their families, but also the fact that Britain treated those it had incarcerated in a humane way. The chapter examines the return to Germany, its consequences for individuals, and the way in which the German authorities dealt with the former residents of the British Empire. These people, who may not have seen their homeland for decades, made efforts to preserve the memory of their experiences, along with former civilian and military prisoners who came from other states at war with Germany. While the memory of internment may have survived into the interwar years, it disappeared in the second half of the twentieth century, but came back to life in the early twenty-first century, inspired by the centenary of the Great War.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
P. J. E. Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
First Century ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Big Science ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
Gathering Data

This introductory chapter provides an overview of cosmology. The starting assumption for cosmology, as in all branches of natural science, is that nature operates by kinds of logic and rules that one can discover by careful examination of what is observed, informed by past experience of what has worked. But despite the many demonstrations of its power, physics, along with all the rest of natural science, is incomplete. Research in cosmology in the twentieth century usually was done in small groups, often an individual working alone or maybe with a colleague or a student or two. In the twenty-first century, ongoing research in cosmology grew richer and called for larger groups to develop special-purpose equipment for data acquisition, which in turn called for groups of comparable size to reduce the data and interpret it. Big Science has become important to this subject: One has to get used to gathering data in vast amounts, analyzing these data, and employing massive numerical simulations that help bridge the gap between theory and observation. This book provides an account of how cosmology grew, presenting histories of six lines of research that were developing more or less separately.

Are Twentieth-Century Marine Conservation Conventions Adaptable to Twenty-First Century Goals and Principles?: Part I

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Birnie
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
First Century ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Environment And Development ◽  
Broad Interpretation ◽  
The Many

AbstractTreaties, especially those concluded before UNCLOS and the United Nations Conferences on the Human Environment and on Environment and Development are having to find ways of responding to the many new principles and concepts developed through the conventions, declarations and action plans formulated by these processes, inter alia. Different treaties are responding in different ways-by renegotiation, by amending protocols; or by broad interpretation of existing terms to take account of the new approaches. This article examines the relevant law and practice, especially concerning the powers of organs established by treaty to interpret their constitutive conventions in the absence of dispute settlement procedures. Part 2 provides some case studies of problems emerging, notably in the International Whaling Commission and the Conference of the Parties to the London (Dumping) Convention.

scholarly journals Listening to Advisors: A Conversation About Readers’ Advisory Services, Practice, and Practicing

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Neal Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Library ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Book Group ◽  
Reference Tools ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

As RA service has moved from its second-wave renaissance during the late twentieth century/early twenty-first century (with a steady stream of reference tools, conference programming, and think pieces) into an often underpromoted but bedrock mainstay of the public library, what do advisors continue to discuss among themselves and see as areas of need? If you could gather a handful of advisors together, over a cup of coffee one rainy morning before book group began, what would they talk about? What would they ask each other? What do they know to be foundational about the service? As important, what might they suggest we all re-think? This column invites you to eavesdrop on such a conversation. It was conducted over email between six advisors: two at the start of their careers, two helping to define the field, and two who have lead the way for librarians, for a combined eight decades. These advisors share research, hard-won and lived-in lessons, showcase the luminous nature of RA work as well as its difficulties, propose a change for RA education, and, of course, each suggests a book to read.

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