The Shape of Data: a Theory of the Representation of Information in the Cerebellar Cortex

This paper presents a model of rate coding in the cerebellar cortex. The pathway of input to output of the cerebellum forms an anatomically repeating, functionally modular network, whose basic wiring is preserved across vertebrate taxa. Each network is bisected centrally by a functionally defined cell group, a microzone, which forms part of the cerebellar circuit. Input to a network may be from tens of thousands of concurrently active mossy fibres. The model claims to quantify the conversion of input rates into the code received by a microzone. Recoding on entry converts input rates into an internal code which is homogenised in the functional equivalent of an imaginary plane, occupied by the centrally positioned microzone. Homogenised means the code exists in any random sample of parallel fibre signals over a minimum number. The nature of the code and the regimented architecture of the cerebellar cortex mean that the threshold can be represented by space so that the threshold can be met by the physical dimensions of the Purkinje cell dendritic arbour and planar interneuron networks. As a result, the whole population of a microzone receives the same code. This is part of a mechanism which orchestrates functionally indivisible behaviour of the cerebellar circuit and is necessary for coordinated control of the output cells of the circuit. In this model, fine control of Purkinje cells is by input rates to the system and not by learning so that it is in conflict with the for-years-dominant supervised learning model.

Natural Flt3Lg-Based Chimeric Antigen Receptor (Flt3-CAR) T Cells Successfully Target Flt3 on AML Cell Lines

Relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cannot be cured with chemotherapy alone, as the blasts survive the treatment. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) approaches for AML are being actively developed. CARs promote immune reactions through recognition of the target molecular epitopes at the surface of cancer cells. The recognition involves the extracellular portion of the CAR protein, which corresponds to either the antibody or the physiological binding partner of the targeted antigen. Here, we design a chimeric receptor with a full-length natural Flt3-ligand recognition module that targets Flt3 tyrosine kinase, known as an adverse marker in AML. We demonstrate specific killing of Flt3-positive THP-1 cells by Flt3-CAR T cells and the lack of cytotoxicity towards Flt3-negative U937 cells. We prove that the inherent cytolytic capacity of T cells is essential for the killing. Finally, we confirm the authenticity of targeting by its competitive dose-dependent inhibition with a soluble Flt3-ligand. The developed system can be viewed as a non-immunogenic functional equivalent of scFv-mediated targeting. The robust in vitro antitumor effects of Flt3-CAR T cells, combined with their low off-target cytotoxicity, hold promise for AML treatment.

صعوبات الترجمة المصطلحات القانونية "من العربية إلى الأنجليزية إنموذجاً"

The research paper addresses the challenges involved in the translation of English to Arabic legal terminology. Since legal systems differ in terms of procedures and norms, languages belonging to these systems also vary in their choice of words and concepts which pose serious problems for the translators. Islamic and English laws are distinctive in their terminologies. The translators often face serious challenges in rendering texts from Islamic to English legal systems. The legal translation is considered the most difficult type of translation primarily for its specialized terms of Islamic Sharia. This paper will argue on the functional equivalence of English and Islamic law terminologies. The research has used a descriptive and analytical approach to find the problems of legal translation by the following research questions: 1. What kind of difficulties do the legal translators face during translation? 2. Are the legal translation errors considered fatal? The findings of the study reveal that lack of experience in target cultures, lack of knowledge of both languages' structures, and lack of reference for the specialized terms cause challenges for the translators. The findings also suggest that training in the field of translation is mandatory to overcome the above-mentioned challenges, the legal text translators should seek to find a functional equivalent in the target legal language.

Drosophila Accessory Gland: A Complementary In Vivo Model to Bring New Insight to Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in aging men. Despite recent progress, there are still few effective treatments to cure its aggressive and metastatic stages. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving disease initiation and progression appears essential to support the development of more efficient therapies and improve patient care. To do so, multiple research models, such as cell culture and mouse models, have been developed over the years and have improved our comprehension of the biology of the disease. Recently, a new model has been added with the use of the Drosophila accessory gland. With a high level of conservation of major signaling pathways implicated in human disease, this functional equivalent of the prostate represents a powerful, inexpensive, and rapid in vivo model to study epithelial carcinogenesis. The purpose of this review is to quickly overview the existing prostate cancer models, including their strengths and limitations. In particular, we discuss how the Drosophila accessory gland can be integrated as a convenient complementary model by bringing new understanding in the mechanisms driving prostate epithelial tumorigenesis, from initiation to metastatic formation.

Beobachtungen zur diachronischen Entwicklung der Verbal-periphrase GEHEN + PARTIZIP PERFEKT im italienisch-spanischen Sprachvergleich

The verbal periphrases constitute a typological feature of the Romance languages and they are especially frequent in the Iberoromanic languages. In the context of this paper the diachronic evolution of the Italian periphrase andare + participio passato, which has a diathetic, modal and resultative function, and its formal, but not functional equivalent in Spanish, ir + participio pasado, will be analysed. The study will focus on the analysis of semantic and functional values of these verbal constructions in different historical phases of the Italian and (European) Spanish language in order to investigate the convergences and divergences which arise between the two languages. In addition, some equivalent constructions in other Romance languages, e. g. Catalan and Portuguese, will occasionally be taken in consideration.

Part II Trade Finance Technology, 11 Implementation and Implications of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records in Trade Finance

The Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (‘ML-ETR’) aims to enable the legal use of ‘electronic transferable records’ (‘ETRs’) domestically and internationally. The ML-ETR applies to ETRs that are functionally equivalent to transferable documents or instruments, notably trade-finance instruments, including bills of lading, bills of exchange, promissory notes, and warehouse receipts. Their availability in electronic form will improve the speed and security of trade finance and will facilitate the development of ‘smart contracts’. ETRs are relevant for a wide range of businesses, such as transport and logistics and finance, and are significant for developing countries interested in establishing markets for electronic warehouse receipts to facilitate farmers’ access to credit. ETRs are fundamental to a paperless trade environment, thereby facilitating trade. The ML-ETR builds on the core principles of non-discrimination against electronic means of transacting, the functional equivalence of paper-based and electronic transactions and instruments, and technology neutrality that accommodates the use of all technologies and of all models, such as registries, tokens, and distributed ledgers (like blockchain). Control of the ETR represents the functional equivalent of the possession requirement applicable to transferrable paper-based instruments. ‘Control’ is established with respect to an ETR when a ‘reliable method’ is used to establish both the exclusive control of that electronic transferable record by a person and the identity of that person.

Independent Infinitive in Directive Speech Acts for Direct Communication in the Polish Language and Its Equivalents in the French Language

This article discusses the Polish independent infinitive, which constitutes a predicate in imperative utterances, and its French functional equivalents. The analysis was conducted at two levels. In the first part, the author describes the independent infinitive in the Polish language referring to the Polish formal structural syntax (Saloni, Świdziński 2012). This is to determine which place is occupied by this unit in a sentence, both in relation to other uses of the infinitive and in comparison to other units with the function of a predicate in statements of the same modality. The French structural equivalent has been determined on the basis of the same criterion of syntax dependency. However, even though both languages have corresponding structures, they do not use them in the same way. Only in Polish it is possible to form sentences with infinitive predicates in the spoken language, in face-to-face conversation. What are the factors that favour choosing this form? The author answers this question in her semantic and pragmatic analysis, conducted in the methodological framework of speech act theory (Searle 1979, Vanderveken 1988). She presents imperatives as a class of speech acts, which are extensively developed and specifies those, which can be executed by means of utterances with infinitive predicates. Additionally, factors of social and psychological character have been taken into consideration, as those which favour selecting the discussed form. What structure constitutes its functional equivalent in the French language? An analysis of a body composed of examples originating primarily from dialogues in contemporary literary works and their approved translations has allowed, on the one hand, to confirm the intuitive belief that grammar forms perform this function, in face-to-face oral communication the French language has only the command mode forms (l’impératif in French). On the other hand, we can launch a discussion about possibilities to translate them into a language which does not allow for an analogous use of the available infinitive structure.

LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC SYSTEM OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN CURRENT DYNAMIC USAGE

The article analyses the latest changes in the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian language within clearly defined period – the year of 2020. It has been proved that the appearance of a new lexeme is associated with some intra- and extra-lingual factors. These lexical units are the carriers of information about what is happening in the society, and how the representatives of various social strata are involved in a particular event. It has been established that the most used words in the defined are connected with medicine; the dominant position occupies such nouns as covid, coronavirus. The article underlines that the spread of the COVID-19 in Ukraine influenced the formation of the phraseological system, e.g. folk poetic rhymes, which are usually variants of widely used paremic constructions. The motivational basis of lexical coinages has been analysed. This refers to the lexical units based on the surname of the current president; the dynamics of this process has been traced for the period 2004–2020. The author determined the mechanism of coining new lexemes based on the surnames of the prominent Ukrainian politicians close to President. The article clarifies the onomasiological basis of new lexical units of proprietary and non-proprietary origins of previously coined and newly coined or renamed political forces. An important way to expand the lexicon is to change the meaning of words. This is due to the fact that the lexical unit enters the innovative linguistic sphere determined by extra-lingual factors, when it acquires a new meaning or becomes a creative resource for other lexemes. The nouns vodomor (water starving) and Velur (the name of the restaurant notorious for breaking quarantine restrictions) have been carefully analysed, the constitutive possibilities of the latter, which relate to its lexical-semantic, syntagmatic nature, have been clarified. Exceptional attention is paid to the precedent expression “what is the difference” in the focus of its semantization (acquisition of ambiguity), grammaticalization (existence in the role of noun-adjective phrase or its functional equivalent – a complex occasional word), phraseological, semantic, syntax, axiology (attributive, object, subjective functions), word-forming possibilities (becoming on its basis a way of composing and suffixing nouns “kakaiaraznik” (What-is-the-differenter), “kakayaraznitstvo” (What-is-the-differentment)). The subject of the study was also the innovative structures that were formed on the model of lexical phrases with social meaning which are on the stage of forming.

Reproductive Mode and Conflict Shape the Evolution of Male Attributes and Rate of Speciation in the Fish Family Poeciliidae

Sexual conflict is caused by differences between the sexes in how fitness is maximized. These differences are shaped by the discrepancy in the investment in gametes, how mates are chosen and how embryos and young are provided for. Fish in the family Poeciliidae vary from completely provisioning eggs before they are fertilized to providing virtually all resources after fertilization via the functional equivalent of a mammalian placenta. This shift in when females provision their young relative to when an egg is fertilized is predicted to cause a fundamental change in when and how sexual conflict is manifested. If eggs are provisioned before fertilization, there should be strong selection for females to choose with whom they mate. Maternal provisioning after fertilization should promote a shift to post-copulatory mate choice. The evolution of maternal provisioning may in turn have cascading effects on the evolution of diverse features of the biology of these fish because of this shift in when mates are chosen. Here we summarize what these consequences are and show that the evolution of maternal provisioning is indeed associated with and appears to govern the evolution of male traits associated with sexual selection. The evolution of placentas and associated conflict does not cause accelerated speciation, contrary to predictions. Accelerated speciation rate is instead correlated with the evolution of male traits associated with sexual selection, which implies a more prominent role of pre-copulatory reproductive isolation in causing speciation in this family.

Specific Features of RNA Polymerases I and III: Structure and Assembly

RNA polymerase I (RNAPI) and RNAPIII are multi-heterogenic protein complexes that specialize in the transcription of highly abundant non-coding RNAs, such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). In terms of subunit number and structure, RNAPI and RNAPIII are more complex than RNAPII that synthesizes thousands of different mRNAs. Specific subunits of the yeast RNAPI and RNAPIII form associated subcomplexes that are related to parts of the RNAPII initiation factors. Prior to their delivery to the nucleus where they function, RNAP complexes are assembled at least partially in the cytoplasm. Yeast RNAPI and RNAPIII share heterodimer Rpc40-Rpc19, a functional equivalent to the αα homodimer which initiates assembly of prokaryotic RNAP. In the process of yeast RNAPI and RNAPIII biogenesis, Rpc40 and Rpc19 form the assembly platform together with two small, bona fide eukaryotic subunits, Rpb10 and Rpb12. We propose that this assembly platform is co-translationally seeded while the Rpb10 subunit is synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosome machinery. The translation of Rpb10 is stimulated by Rbs1 protein, which binds to the 3′-untranslated region of RPB10 mRNA and hypothetically brings together Rpc19 and Rpc40 subunits to form the αα-like heterodimer. We suggest that such a co-translational mechanism is involved in the assembly of RNAPI and RNAPIII complexes.