THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN RESTRAINT HYPOTHERMIA AND IN ADAPTATION TO THE STRESS OF RESTRAINT

1956 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. BARTLETT ◽  
M. A. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Adaptive Procedure ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Sufficient Magnitude

SUMMARY The role of the adrenal cortex in restraint-induced hypothermia and in adaptation to the stress of restraint was investigated. There was an increase in ascorbic acid and a less marked increase in the cholesterol content of the adrenals accompanying 1 week's exposure to the stress of light restraint to produce adaptation, as well as a decrease in the adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol levels accompanying restraintinduced hypothermia, but changes in adrenocortical activity were probably not of sufficient magnitude to account for either the increased thermostability after the adaptive procedure or the thermolability of the animals exposed to the short-term stress. It was also demonstrated that after a 7-day exposure to light restraint (to produce adaptation), adrenalectomized animals, maintained with isotonic salt solution or DCA, could not maintain a normal body temperature when restrained in the cold. Cortisone, whether administered alone or with DCA, permitted these adrenalectomized, adapted animals to maintain essentially normal body temperatures when exposed to restraint in the cold, indicating that adaptation had occurred.

scholarly journals Vitamin C status, serum cholesterol levels and bile composition in the pregnant guinea-pig

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Biliary Secretion ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

1. Pregnant guinea-pigs receiving a low dose of L-ascorbic acid (0.2 mg/100 g body-weight per d) developed a hypercholesterolaemia in the third trimester of pregnancy, whereas no change in serum cholesterol levels was observed in pregnant animals receiving a higher dose of the vitamin (2 mg/100 g body-weight per d).2. Pregnancy in the group of guinea-pigs receiving the higher dose of L-ascorbic acid was associated with an increased biliary secretion of bile acids. No change was observed in the biliary secretion of bile acids in pregnant animals receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid, but these animals secreted significantly more cholesterol.3. Changes in the biliary secretion of cholesterol and bile acids in the pregnant guinea-pig according to L-ascorbic acid intake were reflected in the composition of the gall-bladder bile. Thus, the gall-bladder bile of guinea-pigs receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid contained more cholesterol, while the gall-bladder bile of those animals receiving the higher dose of the vitamin had a higher content of bile acids.4. The increased cholesterol content of the gall-bladder of pregnant guinea-pigs receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid resulted in decreased bile acid:cholesterol and phospholipid: cholesterol values, conditions predisposing to cholelithiasis.

Desoxycortone Acetate and Ascorbic Acid in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

1951 ◽  
Vol 97 (407) ◽  
pp. 376-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linford Rees ◽  
G. M. King
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Cortex

During recent years there has been a revival of interest in the possible role of the adrenal cortex in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Cortisone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

1952 ◽  
Vol 98 (412) ◽  
pp. 401-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linford Rees ◽  
G. M. King
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Consultant Physician ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Insulin Coma ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Insulin Coma Therapy ◽  
Normal Controls

Recent research has given rise to the hope that the secretory products of the adrenal cortex might be useful in the treatment of schizophrenia.Two main lines of research have stimulated renewed interest in the role of the adrenal cortex in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A number of investigations have produced evidence that the responsivity of the adrenal cortex of schizophrenic patients to stress is lower than that of normal controls (Freeman et al., 1944; Hoagland et al., 1946; Pincus and Elmadjian, 1946; Pincus et al., 1949).Another series of investigations has shown that adrenocortical activity is stimulated by insulin coma therapy, electronarcosis and electroconvulsive therapy (Hemphill and Reiss, 1942; Mikkelsen and Hutchins, 1948; Rees (1949a); Parson et al., 1949).Cranswick and Hall (1950) reported that desoxycortone acetate and ascorbic acid appeared to be therapeutically valuable in schizophrenia. Rees and King (1951) carried out a controlled investigation on the treatment of schizophrenia with desoxycortone acetate and ascorbic acid, and found no evidence that the method was of any therapeutic value. It was pointed out that the investigation did not preclude the possibility that other products of the adrenal cortex might be therapeutically useful in schizophrenia.The present paper describes a controlled investigation in the therapeutic value of cortisone administration in schizophrenia.We are indebted to Dr. Ernest Evans, Consultant Physician, East Glamorgan Hospital, for making available a supply of cortisone for the investigation.

The Role of Ascorbic Acid in the Function of the Adrenal Cortex: Studies in Adrenocortical Cells in Culture*

Endocrinology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 1264-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER J. HORNSBY ◽  
SANDRA E. HARRIS ◽  
KATHY A. ALDERN
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenocortical Cells ◽  
Cells In Culture

Reduced febrile responses to pyrogens after lesions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (1) ◽  
pp. R323-R328 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Horn ◽  
M. F. Wilkinson ◽  
R. Landgraf ◽  
Q. J. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Pg E2

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is recognized as a major site of autonomic control, but the role of this nucleus in thermoregulation is unclear. Therefore the role of the PVN in the febrile response and in the maintenance of normal body temperature was investigated. Conscious, unrestrained rats with chronic lesions of the PVN received intracerebroventricular injections of several doses of prostaglandin (PG) E2 or intraperitoneal applications of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The body temperatures of both lesioned and sham-operated animals, monitored via radio telemetry, were compared. Intracerebroventricular PGE2 at doses of 10, 25, and 50 ng caused dose-dependent fevers in both PVN-lesioned and sham-operated animals, which at lower doses were smaller in the lesioned animals than in the sham-operated animals. Intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide application, 50 micrograms/kg body wt, evoked a significantly lower febrile response in PVN-lesioned animals than in controls. The body temperature of PVN-lesioned animals and controls showed no difference during 300 min of exposure to heat (32 degrees C) or cold (7 degrees C). These results suggest that the PVN contributes to the complex regulation of temperature during the febrile response but not during the maintenance of normal body temperature.

ROLE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN THE ADAPTATION OF THE MONOTREME TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS TO LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. AUGEE ◽  
I. R. McDONALD
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

SUMMARY When exposed to a low ambient temperature of 5 °C, adrenalectomized echidnas were able to increase their metabolic rate and to maintain their body temperature within the normal range for no more than 48 h — less than 12 h in five out of six animals. Thereafter, activity, metabolic rate, cardiac rate and body temperature declined and the animals became torpid. When maintained with daily i.m. injections of 1–2 mg cortisol acetate/kg, adrenalectomized echidnas maintained activity and normal body temperature in the cold environment indefinitely. When cortisol injections were withheld and exposure to cold continued, normal body temperature was maintained for a further 10 days, after which it declined rapidly. The onset of torpor was always preceded by a marked fall in plasma glucose concentration, as occurred in normal, but fasted, echidnas after prolonged exposure to cold. Both cortisol and corticosterone have glucocorticoid activity in echidnas, and torpor was prevented in adrenalectomized echidnas by preventing the fall in plasma glucose with either intermittent injections or constant rate infusions of glucose solutions. The adrenal glands of normal echidnas exposed repeatedly to low environmental temperatures showed marked hypertrophy and increase in lipid content. It is concluded that adrenocortical secretions are necessary for the metabolic response to cold stress in these prototherian mammals, and a major role of the corticosteroids is in maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations, presumably by enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis.

scholarly journals The Role of Apolipoproteins in Dengue Infection: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radzi Ikhsan Ahmad ◽  
Fadzilah Mohd Nor ◽  
Wang Seok Mui ◽  
Thuhairah Hasrah Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Virus Replication Cycle

The re-emergence of the dengue virus in recent decades has significantly increased with almost 40%-50% of the world’s population being at risk. Meanwhile, cholesterol and its components, apolipoproteins, were found to play a vital role in dengue infectivity and the development of severe dengue. This review attempts to address the functional importance of cholesterol and related apolipoproteins in dengue virus pathogenesis and to identify the potential utilisation of this relationship in future diagnosis and management of dengue. The literature search was conducted using a computer-based electronic search on dengue infection with cholesterol and human lipoproteins from September 2017 to June 2019 through three main search engines: MEDLINE (OVID), PubMed, and Science Direct using the keywords including Flaviviruses, characteristics of dengue virus, the pathogenesis of dengue, enhancement of dengue, metabolism of cholesterol, cholesterol pathway and human lipoproteins in association with dengue. Dengue virus manipulates lipid raft integrity and utilizes cholesterol components and apolipoproteins for virus internalisation through LDLr and SR-BI receptors. Infectivity of the dengue virus correlated with a decrease in the cholesterol content of the virions. High cholesterol levels in the endoplasmic reticulum promote replication complexes formation of dengue virus. Cholesterol is needed for NS1 secretion which is essential in viral replication, dengue pathogenesis, and host immune evasion. Levels of cholesterol and its related components contributed to the development of severe dengue. The interplay between cholesterol and cellular proteins lead to significant effect in all aspects of the dengue virus replication cycle from viral entry to release.

An ESR study of the peroxidase reaction catalyzed by human methaemoglobin and methaemoglobin-haptoglobin complex

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 923-932
Author(s):  
Jana Stejskalová ◽  
Pavel Stopka ◽  
Zdeněk Pavlíček
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Analysis ◽  
Superoxide Radical ◽  
Esr Spectra ◽  
The Other ◽  
Delocalized Electron

The ESR spectra of peroxidase systems of methaemoglobin-ascorbic acid-hydrogen peroxide and methaemoglobin-haptoglobin complex-ascorbic acid-hydrogen peroxide have been measured in the acetate buffer of pH 4.5. For the system with methaemoglobin an asymmetrical signal with g ~ 2 has been observed which is interpreted as the perpendicular region of anisotropic spectrum of superoxide radical. On the other hand, for the system with methaemoglobin-haptoglobin complex the observed signal with g ~ 2 is symmetrical and is interpreted as a signal of delocalized electron. After realization of three repeatedly induced peroxidase processes the ESR signal of the perpendicular part of anisotropic spectrum of superoxide radical is distinctly diminished, whereas the signal of delocalized electron remains practically unchanged. An amino acid analysis of methaemoglobin along with results of the ESR measurements make it possible to derive a hypothesis about the role of haptoglobin in increasing of the peroxidase activity of methaemoglobin.

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