ROLE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN THE ADAPTATION OF THE MONOTREME TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS TO LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE

SUMMARY When exposed to a low ambient temperature of 5 °C, adrenalectomized echidnas were able to increase their metabolic rate and to maintain their body temperature within the normal range for no more than 48 h — less than 12 h in five out of six animals. Thereafter, activity, metabolic rate, cardiac rate and body temperature declined and the animals became torpid. When maintained with daily i.m. injections of 1–2 mg cortisol acetate/kg, adrenalectomized echidnas maintained activity and normal body temperature in the cold environment indefinitely. When cortisol injections were withheld and exposure to cold continued, normal body temperature was maintained for a further 10 days, after which it declined rapidly. The onset of torpor was always preceded by a marked fall in plasma glucose concentration, as occurred in normal, but fasted, echidnas after prolonged exposure to cold. Both cortisol and corticosterone have glucocorticoid activity in echidnas, and torpor was prevented in adrenalectomized echidnas by preventing the fall in plasma glucose with either intermittent injections or constant rate infusions of glucose solutions. The adrenal glands of normal echidnas exposed repeatedly to low environmental temperatures showed marked hypertrophy and increase in lipid content. It is concluded that adrenocortical secretions are necessary for the metabolic response to cold stress in these prototherian mammals, and a major role of the corticosteroids is in maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations, presumably by enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis.