Humanized animals as models of experimental oncology (review)

The humanization of immunodeficient animals allows us to study the growth of xenografts of human malignant tumors and their response to therapeutic effects, taking into account processes in the immune system and tumor zone, which have a significant impact on oncogenesis and the effectiveness of antitumor therapy. Such experimental models are currently considered as the most advanced tool in the development of personalized antitumor treatment. The lines of immunodeficient animals most commonly used for the transplantation of mature and stem human immune cells have been characterized. The main sources of human immune cells when implementing the hu-pbl and hu-cd34+ models, as well as the blt model (as an option to the cd34+ model) are described. The basic procedures necessary for reproducing each model, their modification in adult and newborn animals are outlined as well as the parameters of immunosuppressive radiation exposure, preceding the transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells. The main results of the humanization of immunodeficient animals and examples of the use of these models for the purposes of fundamental and clinical oncology are described. The main problems of this direction are discussed. The review is based on an analysis of the literature presented in the scopus, web of science, medline, risc and others databases over the past 7 years (over 80 % of literature sources, with more than over 50 % of studies published over the last 3 years).

Analysis of the content of nitric oxide (II) metabolites rats of different ages

Nitrogen monoxide is a gas transmitter that is an important intermediary in many organ systems, especially in the central nervous system. Nitrogen monoxide is involved in the relaxation of smooth vascular muscles, activation of neurons and responsible for the cytotoxicity of macrophages. The study of change nitrogen oxide metabolite concentration helps to determine its effects on human and animal organs. The study was carried out on laboratory animals of different ages. We used a spectrophotometric method to determine the level of metabolites based on the reaction of nitrites to the Griss reagent. We noted that the maximum level of metabolites NO was observed in newborn animals at the age of 4 days. In addition, metabolite concentrations decreased gradually by 14-15 days of life, reaching a minimum of 30 days Key words: nitrogen monoxide, rats, age, metabolites of nitrogen monoxide, spectrophotometry.

Immune-histochemical indicators of the morpho-functional state of the thyroid gland in norm and after prenatal antigenic exposure

During the individual development and exposure to infectious agents of the organism, the structural components of the thyroid gland can change significantly. In modern research, great importance is attached to the study of mechanisms for maintaining morphological homeostasis of the thyroid gland and ideas about its structural and functional restructuring in response to the body's immune system to various infections. The morpho-functional features of the thyroid gland of newborn animals after prenatal action of thyroid-nonspecific antigen (staphylococcal toxoid) have been experimentally established. In antigen-premiumed rats, the timing of folliculogenesis changes, as well as the size, distribution and immunohistochemical expression of antibodies to thyroglobulin, the functional state of thyrocytes and follicles compared to normal. The detected immuno­histochemical changes indicate signs of morpho-functional immaturity of the organ with hypoactivity elements.

The use of the drug "Dextranal" to stimulate cellular immunity and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases calves

The article provides data on the preventive efficacy of the drug "Dextranal" in gastrointestinal diseases of calves and pigs, as well as the effect of the drug on the resistance of newborn animals. Calves and piglets of the experimental groups were injected with the drug from the first day of life, 5 injections at different intervals, depending on the group. During the experiment, the animals were clinically examined daily. When symptoms of gastrointestinal or respiratory tract lesions appeared, clinical signs and duration were recorded. All sick calves, regardless of the group, were prescribed the use of the antibiotic "Dorin-R" in a dosage according to the instructions for use. The shortest duration of the disease was noted in the calves of the first experimental group that received Dextranal at a dose of 0.06 mg / kg (3.0 ml) with an interval of 3 days. This prophylaxis scheme reduces the duration of the disease in animals by 15% compared to the control group. The analysis of the results of the opsonophagocytic reaction (OFR) indicates an increase in the parameters of the phagocytic index, phagocytic number and phagocytic activity of the blood of animals of the experimental groups, which indicates the direct effect of the drug on cellular immunity. The maximum increase in live weight is observed in calves of the first experimental group, exceeding the same indicator of control by 7.4%. When using the drug "Dextranal" to piglets at a dose of 0.02 mg / kg with an interval of 4 days, there is a decrease in animal mortality by 4%. Also, when using the drug according to this scheme, the piglets of the experimental group on the 14th and 42nd days have a maximum increase in live weight in comparison with the same indicator in the control group.

Maternal and neonatal behaviour.

This chapter provides information on the behaviour of domestic animals during early and parental stage which includes the following topics: parental investment; initiation of maternal behaviour; maternal motivation; milk let-down; nursing and suckling; and behaviour of the newborn animals in various species.

Development of a method for assessing the immunological reactivity of the animal body to prevent the development of pathology in the early stages of postnatal development

The study of immunological relationships in the functional system “mother-placenta-offspring” can make a significant contribution to the solution of the issue of improving the safety of the population of newborn animals and poultry. The pathology of the antenatal development of animals has not been sufficiently studied. Antenatal pathology of animals is more often manifested in the form of congenital malformations (anomalies) of development. Congenital defects are usually called those that occur during intrauterine development. However, congenital malformations are also observed in the period of postnatal development – as a consequence of a violation of the further formation of organs in animals. There is a need to develop a method for determining the immunological reactivity of the animal body, which would allow to assess the combined functional state of cell-mediated immunological reactivity of innate and acquired immunity in the functional system “mother-placenta-offspring” and determine the factors that cause immunosuppression. Determination of the immunological reactivity of the animal body includes a blood test by conducting a biological test, which uses the biological activity of red blood cells in the Nitroblue Tetrazolium Test and according to their sorption activity-more than 40% - animals are classified as individuals with reduced immunological reactivity among similar ones.

To the microscopic anatomy of the medulla oblongata

In the course of several years since my employment in the laboratory, prof. S. Golgi (summer 1891) I repeatedly had to process the medulla oblongata of newborn animals (cats, dogs and rabbits and stillborn human fetuses) according to the method of the named anatomist. Thus, I have accumulated, and quite a lot, preparations of the medulla oblongata according to Golgi. Although recently there have been several wonderful studies of the same part of the brain and in the same way, I did not dare to use my material, in order to draw attention to some particulars, little or not touched upon by other authors.

Age-related topography of renal vascular-ization of the goats of anglo-nubian breed

The basis for the study was cadaver material from animals obtained during slaughter from the "Gzhelskoe Podvorye", Moscow region. Four age groups were formed. The first group included newborn animals. The sec-ond group included animals of one month. The third group included young animals of five or six months. The fourth group consist-ed of goats, starting from one year old. The age of the animals was determined according to the data obtained from monitor cards. A total of twenty heads were examined. Based on our research, primarily we established that the change in the topography of the right and left kidney in Anglo-Nubian goats exists mainly because of the displacement of the caudal end of the kidney cranially at a dis-tance equal to the length of one or two verte-brae. In both kidneys, the anterior or cranial end does not have a pronounced displace-ment. Studying kidney syntopia in goats, we found confirmation that the caudal hollow vein together with the abdominal aorta lie dorsally from the kidneys, while the rumen sac is located laterocranially from the left kidney, when it overflows, a slight change in the topography of the kidney can be visual-ized, and parts of the duodenum are located laterocranially. The data we have established confirm the similarity of the Anglo-Nubian breed of goats with goats of other breeds. By studying the vascularization of the kidneys in the Anglo-Nubian goat breed, we con-firmed that the renal blood supply is pro-duced by two renal arteries, each of which is directed to the corresponding kidney "L2-L3". We also found that the severe increase in the diameter of the renal arteries occurs in these animals from 1 to 6 months.

Morphofunctional changes assessment in newborn piglets in early postnatal ontogenesis complicated by isoimmunization symptoms

It is known that the pathological course of pregnancy is associated with a violation in the mutually dependent complex “mother-fetus” and leads to specific clinical consequences at the molecular-cellular, tissue, organ, organismic and population levels of the organization. Pathogenic action mechanism of the isoimmunization effect is very complex and still remains insufficiently deciphered. However, changes in the system of organs responsible for adaptation and survival play an important role in the pathogenesis of morphofunctional disorders associated with isoimmunization. Therefore, in farms where the fact of isoimmunization state is established, it is necessary to pay special attention to the creation of conditions that contribute to the normalization of the functional systems of adaptation of newborn animals. The material for research was the lungs, intestines, kidneys, and thymus. Only fresh material was examined. Samples up to 0.5 cm thick were taken for histological examination after forced slaughter. Fixation was performed with a neutral aqueous 10% formalin solution. Histological sections 4-6 microns thick were made from the obtained paraffin blocks, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for review purposes. When describing the morphofunctional state of organs, the structure, cellular composition, and condition of blood vessels were observed. Isoimmunization of sows during pregnancy is manifested by a characteristic clinical and morphological complex that differs from other infectious and non-infectious diseases. The most characteristic pathomorphological signs are: hypoplasia, delayed differentiation, dystrophic changes in the respiratory, digestive, urinary systems and organs of immunogenesis.

Architectonics of the arterial system of the ruminant stomach of edilbaev sheep in age aspect

Sheep farming is one of the leading agricul-tural industries in the Russian Federation. A modern veterinarian needs to know the functional principles of all organs and sys-tems of the animal body to understand the etiology and build cause-and-effect relation-ships of the occurrence of certain non-infectious diseases. Most of these diseases occur in the digestive tract (stomach, intes-tines). The purpose of this study is to study in detail the age-related patterns of blood supply of the stomachs of edilbaev sheep. The basis for the research at the Department of animal anatomy of the Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine was post mortem material from animals slaugh-tered at a farm in the Leningrad region. Three age groups were formed. The first group included newborn animals. The sec-ond group included young animals of five to six months. The third group consisted of sheep from one year and older. The age of the animals was determined according to the data obtained from monitor cards. Dur-ing the study, a set of anatomical methods was used, including: fine anatomical dissec-tion, vaso-rentgenography, and photo- graphing. Based on our research, we first established the architectonics of the arterial system of the stomachs of edilbaev sheep in the age aspect. These features have common anatomical patterns of the course and branching of blood vessels, typical to rumi-nants. However, the edilbaev sheep breed is characterized by breed features of skeletal and vascular syntopia , determined by their genetic predisposition. The main arterial line of the multicameral stomach of edilbaev sheep is the ventral artery, which in the course of its topography is divided into additional incoming vessels for all the pre-ventricules and the true stomach. The main morphometric parameters of vascular diameter reach their maximum values by the age of one year and older, while the most intensive increase in the caliber of arterial vessels of the multicameral stomach is typical for the age period from the newborn period to five to seven months.