scholarly journals A Quantitative Review of Gender Differences in Vocational Interests in Iceland: Pervasive and Persistent

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-26
Author(s):  
Sif Einarsdóttir ◽  
James Rounds
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Quantitative Review

scholarly journals Gender-specific health literacy of individuals with a migrant background: A mixed-method approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Aldin ◽  
D Chakraverty ◽  
A Baumeister ◽  
I Monsef ◽  
T Jakob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Migrant Background ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Gender And Migration ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Specific Health

Abstract Background The project “Gender-specific health literacy in individuals with a migrant background (GLIM)” (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; 01GL1723) aims to provide a comprehensive overview of international research and evidence on aspects of gender and migration related to health literacy. It encompasses primary and secondary research using a mixed-methods approach. Methods In a first step, we systematically review the available quantitative and qualitative evidence: in the first quantitative review, we meta-analyse the evidence on gender differences in health literacy of migrants. The second quantitative review assesses the effectiveness of interventions for improving health literacy in female and male migrants. The third review summarises qualitative evidence to assess factors associated with gender and migration that may play a role in the design, delivery, and effectiveness of such interventions. In a second step, we conduct primary research by performing focus group discussions (FGDs) with health care providers who regularly work with different migrant groups in order to explore their perspectives on the challenges and needs of migrants in the German health care system. Results To date, we identified 163 relevant references after screening of 17,932 references, for all reviews combined. Various health literacy interventions and measurement tools exist and require critical evaluation. The FGDs yielded hints to factors that a) influence gender differences in the health literacy of migrants (e.g. masculinity norms preventing Mediterranean men from consulting psychotherapists) or b) limit systemic health literacy (e.g. lack of translators). Conclusions Results from the FGDs can provide insights into the processes underlying the results of the reviews. However, despite increasing research, summarising the available evidence is highly challenging, as there are no universal definitions of the key concepts health literacy and migrant background. Key messages This is an interdisciplinary project, combining quantitative and qualitative evidence to provide maximum value to health policy and decision-making for the health care and health literacy of migrants. Research on gender-, and migration-specific aspects of health literacy is of great importance for the development and delivery of effective interventions for improving migrants’ health literacy.

scholarly journals The Development of Vocational Interests in Early Adolescence: Stability, Change, and State-Trait Components

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110356
Author(s):  
Thomas Gfrörer ◽  
Gundula Stoll ◽  
Sven Rieger ◽  
Ulrich Trautwein ◽  
Benjamin Nagengast
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Stability Change ◽  
Trait Variance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Vocational interests predict major life outcomes such as job performance, college major choice, and life goals. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding of their development during the crucial years of late childhood and early adolescence, when trait-like interests are starting to develop. The present study investigated the development of vocational interests in a longitudinal sample, comprising N = 3,876 participants—assessed at four time points from ages 11 to 14. Stability, state-trait variance components, mean-level development, and gender differences in mean-levels of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC) dimensions were examined. Stabilities were moderate for all dimensions, but Realistic, Investigative, Social, and Conventional interests became more stable over time. For Realistic, Artistic, Social, and Conventional interests, the trait variance increased over time. At age 14, all dimensions had substantial trait variance components. The mean-levels of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, and Conventional interests decreased over the 3 years (–0.44 <  d < –0.24). Initial gender differences—with girls having higher Artistic and Social interests and boys having higher Realistic and Investigative interests—increased over time. By investigating the development of vocational interests in late childhood and early adolescence, we complement previous findings and provide first insights about state-trait proportions in early adolescence.

Gender Differences in the Impact of the ‘Work for the Dole’ Program on Wellbeing and Access to Latent Benefits

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanita J. Muller ◽  
Richard Goddard ◽  
Peter A. Creed ◽  
Kate Johnson ◽  
Lea Waters
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to examine gender differences in the impact of the Work for the Dole program on wellbeing and access to latent benefits. Previous studies have shown gender differences in coping and responding to stressful situations, and the vocational interests and psychological responses to participation in personal development programs in the unemployed. The research proposes that participation in Work for the Dole programs will decrease psychological distress in males but not females, but that access to latent and manifest benefits will increase for both. Participants were 45 (20 females, 25 males) unemployed participants surveyed at Time 1 (commencement of the Work for the Dole program) and at Time 2 (sixweeks later) using the GHQ-12 and the LAMB scale. Results showed a significant decrease in psychological distress for males but not for females. It is argued that the Work for the Dole program does not provide valuable work experiences for females and therefore may be discriminatory.

Do women fare worse: a metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elana Farace ◽  
Wayne M. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The purpose of this metaanalysis was to investigate possible gender differences in traumatic brain injury (TBI) sequelae. The case fatality rates in patients after TBI have previously been shown to be significantly higher in women as compared with men.Methods. A quantitative review of published studies of TBI outcome revealed eight studies (20 outcome variables) of TBI, in which outcome was reported separately for men and women.Conclusions. Outcome was worse in women than in men for 85% of the measured variables, with an average effect size of −0.15. Although clinical opinion is often that women tend to experience better outcomes than men after TBI, the opposite pattern was suggested in the results of this metaanalysis. However, this conclusion is limited by the fact that, in only a small percentage of the total published reports on TBI outcome, was outcome described separately for each sex. A careful, prospective study of sex differences in TBI outcome is clearly needed.

scholarly journals Do women fare worse? A metaanalysis of gender differences in outcome after traumatic brain injury

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elana Farace ◽  
Wayne M. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Men And Women

The purpose of this metaanalysis was to investigate possible gender differences in TBI sequelae. The case fatality rates in patients after TBI have previously been shown to be significantly higher in women as compared with men. A quantitative review of published studies of TBI outcome revealed eight studies (20 outcome variables) of TBI in which outcome was reported separately for men and women. Outcome was worse in women than in men for 85% of the measured variables, with an average effect size of −0.15. Although clinical opinion is often that women tend to experience better outcomes than do men after TBI, the opposite pattern was suggested in the results of this metaanalysis. However, this conclusion is limited by the fact that in only a small percentage of the total published reports on TBI outcome was outcome described separately for each sex. A careful, prospective study of sex differences in TBI outcome is clearly needed.

scholarly journals Are Girls More Ambitious Than Boys? Vocational Interests Partly Explain Gender Differences in Occupational Aspirations

2021 ◽  
pp. 089484532199166
Author(s):  
Alexandra Wicht ◽  
Ai Miyamoto ◽  
Clemens M. Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Ninth Graders ◽  
Occupational Aspirations ◽  
School Students ◽  
Mediation Analyses

Previous research suggests that girls have higher occupational aspirations than boys before entering the labor market. We investigate whether this gender gap in occupational aspirations generalizes to secondary school students in Germany and illuminate the possible mechanisms behind these purported gender differences. For this purpose, we used a large and representative sample of ninth graders ( N = 10,743) from the German National Educational Panel Study. Adolescents’ occupational aspirations were coded on the International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI) according to the socioeconomic status of the aspired occupation. Results showed that girls’ occupational aspirations were 6.5 ISEI points higher than boys’ (Cohen’s d = .36). Mediation analyses further revealed that gender differences in vocational interest could explain one-half of the gender gap in occupational aspirations. This suggests that girls’ higher occupational aspirations reflect their specific vocational interests rather than a general striving for higher status and prestige compared to boys.

Age and Gender Differences in the Variability of Vocational Interests

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Ion ◽  
Christopher D. Nye ◽  
Dragoş Iliescu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender

Gender- and age-related differences in the variability of various human attributes and abilities have been investigated. This article investigates the age and gender differences in the variability of Holland’s six vocational dimensions with a sample including 1,519 participants, divided into four age groups: early adolescence (12–15 years old), adolescence (16–20 years old), young adulthood (21–30 years old), and adulthood (31–59 years old). The results showed nontrivial differences in the variability of vocational interests across gender and age groups alike. Although significant differences in variability were observed for all vocational interest dimensions except investigative, the most pronounced differences in variability across age and gender were observed for realistic and conventional dimensions. Generally, the observed differences in variability were larger in adolescence than in adulthood. Overall, vocational interests displayed less differentiation within the younger age groups (early adolescence and early adulthood) as compared to adulthood.

Explaining Gender Differences in Interests

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wyndolyn M. A. Ludwikowski ◽  
Patrick I. Armstrong ◽  
Daniel G. Lannin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Social Cognitive Career

This study integrated Holland’s themes within a modified social cognitive career theory (SCCT) model, exploring whether gender-related personality variables account for the relations between gender and vocational interests. Undergraduates ( N = 452) completed expressiveness, instrumentality, and realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional (RIASEC)-based measures of learning experiences, self-efficacy, and interests. Through structural equation modeling, the paths via expressiveness and instrumentality fully explained gender’s effect on artistic and conventional interests, respectively. The paths through instrumentality partially explained gender’s effect on investigative and enterprising interests, while gender’s effect on social interest was partially explained through expressiveness and instrumentality when considering the path without self-efficacy. The paths through expressiveness and instrumentality partially explained gender’s effect on realistic interests. Adding direct paths from learning experiences to interests improved model fit for realistic, artistic, and social models. These results demonstrate the utility of concurrently assessing the RIASEC and SCCT frameworks to delineate factors that influence gender differences in vocational interests.

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