scholarly journals Comparing MaxEnt and Noisy Harmonic Grammar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Random Noise ◽  
Basic Difference ◽  
Harmonic Grammar ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Probabilistic Version

MaxEnt grammar is a probabilistic version of Harmonic Grammar in which the harmony scores of candidates are mapped onto probabilities. It has become the tool of choice for analyzing phonological phenomena involving probabilistic variation or gradient acceptability, but there is a competing proposal for making Harmonic Grammar probabilistic, Noisy Harmonic Grammar, in which variation is derived by adding random ‘noise’ to constraint weights. In this paper these grammar frameworks, and variants of them, are analyzed by reformulating them all in a format where noise is added to candidate harmonies, and the differences between frameworks lie in the distribution of this noise. This analysis reveals a basic difference between the models: in MaxEnt the relative probabilities of two candidates depend only on the difference in their harmony scores, whereas in Noisy Harmonic Grammar it also depends on the differences in the constraint violations incurred by the two candidates. This difference leads to testable predictions which are evaluated against data on variable realization of schwa in French (Smith & Pater 2020). The results support MaxEnt over Noisy Harmonic Grammar.

scholarly journals The reproducibility of subjective appetite scores

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Raben ◽  
ANNA TAGLIABUE ◽  
Arne Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Vas Scores ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences

Although subjective appetite scores are widely used, studies on the reproducibility of this method are scarce. In the present study nine healthy, normal weight, young men recorded their subjective appetite sensations before and during 5 h after two different test meals A and B. The subjects tested each meal twice and in randomized order. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, 10 cm in length, were used to assess hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption and palatability of the meals. Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were determined concomitantly. The repeatability was investigated for fasting values, Δ-mean 5 h and mean 5 h values, Δ-peak/nadir and peak/nadir values. Although the profiles of the postprandial responses were similar, the coefficients of repeatability (CR = 2SD) on the mean differences were large, ranging from 2·86 to 5.24 cm for fasting scores, 1·36 to 1·88 cm for mean scores, 2·98 to 5·42 cm for Δ-mean scores, and 3·16 to 6·44 cm for peak and Δ-peak scores. For palatability ratings the CK values varied more, ranging from 2·38 (taste) to 8·70 cm (aftertaste). Part of the difference in satiety ratings could be explained by the differences in palatability ratings. However, the low reproducibility may also be caused by a conditioned satiation or hunger due to the subjects' prior experience of the meals and therefore not just be a reflection of random noise. It is likely, however, that the variation in appetite ratings is due both to methodological day-to-day variation and to biological day-to-day variation in subjective appetite sensations.

Pulmonary impedance in dogs measured by forced random noise with a retrograde catheter

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Fullton ◽  
D. A. Hayes ◽  
R. L. Pimmel
Keyword(s):  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Base Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Central Airway

Retrograde catheter and forced random noise techniques were combined to study the distribution of resistance and compliance in dogs following the inhalation of aerosols containing 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml of histamine. Mean base-line peripheral resistance was 0.367 cmH2O . l'1 . s, agreeing with previous estimates. After correction for the endotracheal tube, the mean central airway resistance was 0.040 cmH2O . l'1 . s, considerably lower than previous estimates. This discrepancy was attributed to an overcorrection for the endotracheal tube resistance. The lower histamine dose caused a substantial increase in peripheral resistance, a relatively small increase in central resistance, and substantial decreases in total and peripheral compliance. After the higher histamine dose, changes in peripheral resistance and both compliances were similar to those obtained with the lower dose; however, the increase in central resistance was much larger than at the lower dose. The difference between total and peripheral compliance yielded estimates of airway compliance of 0.00306 l/cmH2O before and 0.00104 l/cmH2O after 2.5 mg/ml of histamine.

scholarly journals From the Difference of Structures to the Structure of the Difference

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Zanin ◽  
Ernestina Menasalvas ◽  
Xiaoqian Sun ◽  
Sebastian Wandelt
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Evolving Systems ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
Stochastic Fluctuations ◽  
Multidimensional Complex ◽  
The Difference

When dealing with evolving or multidimensional complex systems, network theory provides us with elegant ways of describing their constituting components, through, respectively, time-varying and multilayer complex networks. Nevertheless, the analysis of how these components are related is still an open problem. We here propose a general framework for analysing the evolution of a (complex) system, by describing the structure created by the difference between multiple networks by means of the Information Content metric. Differently from other approaches, which focus on assessing the magnitude of the change, the proposed one allows understanding if the observed changes are due to random noise or to structural (targeted) modifications; in other words, it allows describing the nature of the force driving the changes and discriminating between stochastic fluctuations and intentional modifications. We validate the framework by means of sets of synthetic networks, as well as networks representing real technological, social, and biological evolving systems. We further propose a way of reconstructing network correlograms, which allow converting the system’s evolution to the frequency domain.

scholarly journals The cost efficiency of Vietnamese banks – the difference between DEA and SFA

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-227
Author(s):  
Phong Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Duyen Thi Bich Pham
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Time Consistency ◽  
Efficiency Frontier ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

PurposeThe paper aims to enrich previous findings for an emerging banking industry such as Vietnam, reporting the difference between the parametric and nonparametric methods when measuring cost efficiency. The purpose of the study is to assess the consistency in issuing policies to improve the cost efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks.Design/methodology/approachThe cost efficiency of banks is assessed through the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Next, five tests are conducted in succession to analyze the differences in cost efficiency measured by these two methods, including the distribution, the rankings, the identification of the best and worst banks, the time consistency and the determinants of efficiency frontier. The data are collected from the annual financial statements of Vietnamese banks during 2005–2017.FindingsThe results show that the cost efficiency obtained under the SFA models is more consistent than under the DEA models. However, the DEA-based efficiency scores are more similar in ranking order and stability over time. The inconsistency in efficiency characteristics under two different methods reminds policy makers and bank administrators to compare and select the appropriate efficiency frontier measure for each stage and specific economic conditions.Originality/valueThis paper shows the need to control for heterogeneity over banking groups and time as well as for random noise and outliers when measuring the cost efficiency.

Life, Liberty, and Property

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Specific Form ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Common Root ◽  
History Of Political Thought ◽  
Basic Difference ◽  
Political Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Ideal

The words “liberty” and “liberalism” have a common root, reflecting the commitment of the original or classical liberals to a free society. Over the last century, the latter term has come to represent a political position that is willing to sacrifice liberty in the economic realm for the sake of equality and/or collective welfare. As a consequence, those who wish to reaffirm the classical version of liberalism – those who advocate liberty in economic as well as personal and intellectual matters – have invented a new word from the old root; they call themselves libertarians. Both in doctrine and in etymology, then, partisans of this view define themselves by their allegiance to liberty. Yet they spend most of their day-to-day polemical energies defending property rights and the economic system of laissez-faire capitalism that is based upon such rights. Evidently there is a strong link between liberty and property at work here. What is that link?The history of political thought is full of ideas and controversies about precisely this question. My goal here is to raise the question in a specific form, one that I think captures a basic difference in approach between classical liberals and most libertarians today. The difference is not in the substance of the position – it is not a disagreement about how the ideal society would be constituted – but rather in the way the position is to be defended. The key question is: can the right to property be derived from the right to liberty?Of course a property right is a right to kind of freedom.

Random noise attenuation by planar mathematical morphological filtering

Geophysics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. V11-V25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weilin Huang ◽  
Runqiu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Noise Attenuation ◽  
Seismic Waveforms ◽  
Morphological Filtering ◽  
Alternative Techniques ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Improving the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of seismic data is desirable in many seismic exploration areas. The attenuation of random noise can help to improve the S/N. Geophysicists usually use the differences between signal and random noise in certain attributes, such as frequency, wavenumber, or correlation, to suppress random noise. However, in some cases, these differences are too small to be distinguished. We used the difference in planar morphological scales between signal and random noise to separate them. The planar morphological scale is the information that describes the regional shape of seismic waveforms. The attenuation of random noise is achieved by removing the energy in the smaller morphological scales. We call our method planar mathematical morphological filtering (PMMF). We analyze the relationship between the performance of PMMF and its input parameters in detail. Applications of the PMMF method to synthetic and field post/prestack seismic data demonstrate good performance compared with competing alternative techniques.

NORMAL‐MOVEOUT AND VELOCITY RELATIONS FOR FLAT AND DIPPING BEDS AND FOR LONG OFFSETS

Geophysics ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Random Noise ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Long Offset ◽  
Dominant Period ◽  
Exploration Seismology ◽  
Time Average ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Zero Offset ◽  
Velocity Averages ◽  
Velocity Average

Accurate relations between NMO and velocity are needed in modern exploration seismology, especially in long‐offset CDP work, where accurate NMO corrections must be made for stacking, and where several types of velocity averages may be computed with accuracy from NMO data. The velocity average associated with NMO is the time‐rms velocity [Formula: see text]. Even for long offsets the straight‐ray computation using [Formula: see text] is usually adequate, but a closer approximation for horizontal reflectors is obtained by reducing the NMO calculated from [Formula: see text] or reducing the value of [Formula: see text] calculated from NMO by the factor [Formula: see text], where σ is the rms deviation of the velocity from its mean, T is zero‐offset traveltime, and ΔT the NMO. The difference between time‐average and time‐rms velocities is often several percent. For the velocity function [Formula: see text] and for reflectors of arbitrary dip and strike, the NMO is shown to be [Formula: see text] where X is offset, α is emergence angle, and ψ is the angle between the offset direction and the reflector dip direction. The terms that contain angles can be used as a correction ΔΔT to the NMO value computed as if the seismic energy were reflected from a horizontal reflector, even for offset greater than those for which an NMO expression quadratic in offset is accurate. A further approximation gives [Formula: see text], where δT is dip moveout over a spread of length L, and [Formula: see text] is the angle between the receiver line and the dip direction, differing from ψ only if there is substantial perpendicular offset of the source point. An expression for the degradation of the stacked signals in CDP stacks because of NMO errors is given. It is shown that the criterion that the signal‐to‐random‐noise ratio could not be improved by dropping the longest‐offset trace(s) requires that the NMO error be not much larger than one‐quarter of a dominant period.

scholarly journals An Alternative Adaptive Method for Seismic Data Denoising and Interpolation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Zilin Lu ◽  
Nuan Xia ◽  
Liang Sun ◽  
Wenxing Xu ◽  
Guangcheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Complex Surface ◽  
Adaptive Method ◽  
Rank Reduction ◽  
Energy Entropy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Field Area

Seismic data denoising and interpolation are generally essential steps for reflection processing and imaging workflow especially for the complex surface geologic conditions and the irregular acquisition field area. The rank-reduction method is a valid way for the attenuation of random noise and data interpolation by selecting the suitable threshold, i.e., the rank of the useful signals. However, it is difficult for the traditional rank-reduction method to select an appropriate threshold. In this paper, we propose an adaptive rank-reduction method based on the energy entropy to automatically estimate the rank as the threshold for seismic data processing and interpolation. This method considers the energy entropy into the traditional rank-reduction method. The energy entropy of signals can be used to indicate the energy intensity of a signal component in the total energy. The difference of the energy entropy between the useful signals and random noise is perceived as a measurement for selecting the appropriate threshold. Synthetic and field examples indicate that the proposed method can well achieve the attenuation of random noise and interpolation automatically without the estimation of the ranks and demonstrate the feasibility of the new adaptive method in seismic data denoising and interpolation.

Pyrometric Temperature Measurement in Concentrated Sunlight With Emissivity Determination

2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan B. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Solar Furnace ◽  
Surface Emissivity ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
The Difference

Pyrometers are commonly used for high temperature measurement, but their accuracy is often limited by uncertainty in the surface emissivity. Radiation heating introduces additional errors due to the extra light reflected off the measured surface. While many types of specialized equipment have been developed for these measurements, this work presents a method for measuring high temperatures using single color pyrometers when the surface emissivity is unknown. It is particularly useful for correcting errors due to reflected light in solar heating applications. The method requires two pyrometers and is most helpful for improving measurement accuracy of low cost commercial instruments. The temperature measurements of two pyrometers operating at different wavelengths are analyzed across a range of sample temperatures to find the surface emissivity values at each wavelength that minimize the difference in temperature measurements between pyrometers. These are taken as the surface emissivity values, and the initial temperature measurements are corrected using the calculated emissivity values to obtain improved estimates of the surface temperature. When applied to temperature data from a solar furnace, the method significantly decreased the difference in the temperature measurements of two single color pyrometers. Simulated temperature data with both random noise and systematic errors are used to demonstrate that the method successfully converges to surface emissivity values and reduces temperature measurement errors even when subjected to significant errors in the model inputs. This method provides a potential low cost solution for pyrometric temperature measurement of solar-heated objects. It is also useful for temperature measurement of objects with unknown emissivity.

Effects of Changes in the Intensity of White Noise on Simultaneity Judgements and Simple Reaction Time

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Difference Threshold ◽  
Response Initiation ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Informal Observation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

On the basis of earlier work and informal observation it was suspected that the effect of loudness on simple reaction time (RT) could not be accounted for by changes in the time it takes the subject to hear the stimulus. Two experiments are described in which an increment in the level of background random noise is presented to the subject. The effect of increment size on RT and on a simultaneity judgement are investigated using a range of increments from just above difference threshold to moderately loud and clear. The difference in the size of loudness effects in the two tasks lends some support to a model which explains the influence of loudness on RT largely in terms of latency of response initiation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document