Extenders with vitamins C and E applied to Rhamdia quelen sperm cryopreservation / Extensores com vitaminas C e E aplicados à criopreservação de esperma de Rhamdia quelen

We performed this experiment to evaluate the effects of adding vitamins C and E on extenders for sperm cryopreservation of Rhamdia quelen over spermatic mobility after thawing. At cryopreservation, sperm samples were diluted in a proportion of 1:3 (v/v), following pre-freezing in nitrogen steam and subsequent immersion in liquid nitrogen. The diluents were composed by 5% milk powder, 5% glucose, 10% methanol and different levels of vitamin. Three sperm cryopreservation tests were carried out with (1) diluent containing 0.0; 4.0; 6.5; 9.0 and 11.5 mg of vitamin C mL-1, (2) diluent containing 0.0; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 and 8.0 mg of vitamin E mL-1; (3) diluent containing 0.0; 4.0 + 2.0; 6.5 + 4.0; 9.0 + 6.0 and 11.5 + 8.0 mg of vitamin C mL-1 plus vitamin E mL-1, respectively. The spermatic motility rate, spermatic curvilinear velocity, average path and straight line velocities were measured in thawed semen by CASA. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Duncan´s test at 5% of significance. After thawing the effect (P0.05) of vitamin C was observed only for sperm motility, with higher values (38.2±20.7%) on solution containing 4.0 mg of vitamin C mL-1. The concomitant addition of both vitamins influenced (P0.05) only the curvilinear velocity, reducing the velocity at any concentration. In conclusion, diluents with 4.0 mg vitamin C mL-1 to cryopreservation of the silver catfish semen improve the sperm quality after thawing, and the use of diluents with vitamin E or both vitamins are not recommended because do not ensure the cells protection.

Analysis of Grip Amplitude on Velocity in Paralympic Powerlifting

(1) Background: Paralympic Powerlifting (PP) is a Paralympic modality that is predominantly about developing maximal force, as there are athletes who lift three times their body weight. Our objective was to evaluate the averages of the velocity for 30% and 50% of 1 Maximum Repetition (1 RM) on different amplitudes of the footprint in PP athletes; (2) Methods: The intervention happened over two weeks, with the first being devoted to the familiarization and testing of 1 RM, while in the second week, through the use of a linear Encoder, tests of velocity average (VA), velocity average propulsive (VAP), and velocity peak (VP) were carried out with loads of 30% and 50% of a maximum repetition 1 RM for 1× of the biacromial distance (BAD) 1.3 × BAD, 1.5 × BAD; (3) Results: There was a significant difference in the average velocity of 1 × BAD (1.16 ± 0.14 m/s, 1.07–1.26 IC; η2p 0.20) when compared to 1.3 × BAD (1.00 ± 0.17 m/s, 0.90–1.09 IC; η2p 0.20) over 30% of 1 RM. For the other velocity variables for 30% and 50% of 1 RM with different grip amplitudes, there were no significant differences; (4) Conclusions: In PP, the 1 × BAD footprint contributes significantly to VA at 30% of 1 RM when compared to the 1.3 × BAD and 1.5 × BAD footprints. For loading at 50% of 1 RM the VA, VAP and VP decreased when compared to 30% of 1 RM, to the extent that the VAP and VP generated with the 1.3 × BAD and 1.5 × BAD footprints were higher than those with 1 × BAD, other than for VA 50% of 1 RM, where the 1 × BAD footprint was superior to the others.

Bi-Level Coordinated Merging of Connected and Automated Vehicles at Roundabouts

Traditional uncoordinated traffic flows in a roundabout can lead to severe traffic congestion, travel delay, and the increased fuel consumption of vehicles. An interesting way to mitigate this would be through cooperative control of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). In this paper, we propose a novel solution, which is a roundabout control system (RCS), for CAVs to attain smooth and safe traffic flows. The RCS is essentially a bi-level framework, consisting of higher and lower levels of control, where in the higher level, vehicles in the entry lane approaching the roundabout will be made to form clusters based on traffic flow volume, and in the lower level, the vehicles’ optimal sequences and roundabout merging times are calculated by solving a combinatorial optimization problem using a receding horizon control (RHC) approach. The proposed RCS aims to minimize the total time taken for all approaching vehicles to enter the roundabout, whilst minimally affecting the movement of circulating vehicles. Our developed strategy ensures fast optimization, and can be implemented in real-time. Using microscopic simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the RCS, and compare it to the current traditional roundabout system (TRS) for various traffic flow scenarios. From the results, we can conclude that the proposed RCS produces significant improvement in traffic flow performance, in particular for the average velocity, average fuel consumption, and average travel time in the roundabout.

Analysis of couple stress fluid flow with variable viscosity using two homotopy-based methods

In this article, the generalized plane Couette flow of Vogel’s model of incompressible, non-isothermal, couple stress fluid flowing steadily between two parallel walls is investigated. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. To investigate the non-linear coupled system of differential equations, the optimal homotopy asymptotic method with DJ polynomial and asymptotic homotopy perturbation method have been used. Important flow properties are presented and discussed. We have obtained expressions for velocity, average velocity, shear stress, volume flux and temperature. The results gained employing these techniques are in the form of infinite series; thus, the results can be easily calculated. Comparison of various results, obtained through the suggested approaches, is carried out and an excellent agreement is achieved.

Effects of Low Temperature and Wind Treatment on Physiological Indexes, Rumen Microbiota, Immune Responses and Hormones in Sheep

Background: Low-temperature environments can strongly affect the normal growth and health of livestock. Previous studies have shown that cold exposure can alter the intestinal microbiota and thereby affect other traits. In winter, cold weather can be accompanied by strong winds that aggravate the effects of cold on livestock. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of low temperature and wind speed on physiological indexes, rumen microbiota, and immune responses in sheep.Methods: The sheep were divided into control group and test group according to their ambient temperature.Sheep in the test group were divided into four groups according to wind-speed treatment: no wind (average wind velocity less than 0.5 m/s), low wind velocity (average wind velocity of 3 m/s), medium wind velocity (average wind velocity of 4 m/s) and high wind velocity (average wind velocity of 5 m/s).Results: Average daily gain and the utilization of forage, especially soluble fiber, decreased with increasing wind velocity in cold temperature (P<0.05). In rumen, the enzyme activity of cellulose degradation was also lowerwith increasing wind velocity (P<0.05). The abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria showed differedamong the wind treatments (P<0.05).The large fluctuations in the amount of bacteria provided a breeding opportunity forpotentially harmful bacteria (P<0.05). In addition, there were significant decreases in the serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ (P<0.05) and a large increase in IL-4 level (P<0.05), which indicated that the sheep underwent immune suppressionduring the trial. The significant increase in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT (P<0.05) indicated that the production of oxygen free radicals was increased.Conclusions: The cold environment significantly reduced the growth of sheep and altered the composition of rumen microbiota, reducing the utilization of soluble fiber by the rumen flora. Furthermore, the sheep produced large amounts of enzymes to resist tissue damage and experienced immune suppression in the cold environment.

141 Effect of combined treatment of melatonin and equine chorionic gonadotrophin on fresh semen quality of Beetal bucks during the non-breeding season

In the subtropics, bucks show seasonal breeding patterns, and their semen quality decreases during the non-breeding season. Therefore, breeders tend to improve bucks’ semen quality before the breeding season for higher conception rates. In the current study, we hypothesised that simultaneous administration of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ECG) and melatonin would improve fresh semen quality in bucks before the breeding season. Nine Beetal bucks were randomly assigned (n=3 per treatment) to three treatments: control, melatonin, and melatonin + ECG. Melatonin implants (18 mg; BTC Lab) were placed subcutaneously at the base of the ear. Bucks in the melatonin + ECG treatment were administered ECG (400 IU; Syncro-Part, Ceva Santé Animale) intramuscularly on every fourth day until the end of the experiment. Control bucks were administered normal saline (400 IU; Otuska Pakistan) intramuscularly on every fourth day. Semen was collected twice per week using an artificial vagina (42°C) and immediately evaluated for volume, color, pH, and contaminants. Sperm concentration, motility and kinematics (curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity, and amplitude of lateral head displacement), viability, DNA, and acrosomal and mitochondrial integrity were monitored using a computer-assisted semen analyzer (AndroVision, Minitube). Weekly concentrations of plasma testosterone and melatonin of all bucks were analysed using radioimmunoassay (Immunotech, Beckman Coulter Ltd.) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (450nm), respectively. Comparisons within and between treatments were made using generalised linear models (repeated-measures analysis of variance). Weekly single-point variance between the treatments was determined (analysis of variance) at P ≤ 0.05 (SPSS ver. 20.0; IBM Corp.). Semen quality (volume, pH, total motility (%), and concentration) improved after Week 4 in the melatonin + ECG treatment compared with the control and melatonin treatments (P&lt;0.05). Similarly, progressive motility (%), viability, DNA, acrosomal and mitochondrial integrity, and sperm kinematics (curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity, and amplitude of lateral head displacement) improved (P&lt;0.05) after Week 4 in the melatonin + ECG treatment. Similarly, non-viability and ratio of abnormal spermatozoa decreased by Week 3 in the melatonin + ECG treatment (P&lt;0.05) compared with the control and melatonin treatments. Likewise, plasma testosterone concentration (ngmL−1) of bucks was higher (P&lt;0.05) at Week 3 in the melatonin + ECG treatment (4.2±0.2) than in the melatonin (0.8±0.1) and control (1.2±0.1) treatments. Within the melatonin + ECG treatment, plasma testosterone concentration was higher (P&lt;0.05) at Week 5 (4.9±0.2) and Week 9 (4.5±0.1) than at Week 3 (4.2±0.2). Plasma melatonin concentration (pgmL−1) increased (P&lt;0.05) from Week 5 onward in the melatonin + eCG (12.5±0.1) and melatonin (10.2±0.1) treatments compared with the control (2.65±0.1). In conclusion, the simultaneous administration of melatonin and ECG improved fresh semen quality in Beetal bucks.

Swimming Performance to 25 Meters Backstroke Depends on Selected Factors of Explosive Strength of Lower Limbs

Summary The aim of our work was to analyze the partial shares of selected factors of explosive strength of lower limbs on the overall explanation of swimming performance to the 25 meters backstroke. 29 students of Physical Education took part in our research and completed 6 tests. These tests were realized on a dry-land and in the water and they consisted of swimming performance to 25 meters backstroke, swimming start speed to 4 meters, vertical jump with and without arm-swing, maximum and average velocity of take-off performance on dry land under the backstroke start conditions. The obtained data are described by descriptive statistics and all parameters were entered to the correlation analysis for their dependence evaluation. By the analysis, we found that all tests significantly correlated with each other (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) except for the start to 4 meters test and Tendo velocity average test. For the evaluation of factors that determine the swimming performance to 25 meters backstroke, we use the regression analysis of parameters where the regression model was reflected as statistically significant (R2 = 0.479 %; SEE = 3.396 %). Partial shares of individual tests, except for tests of maximal and average velocity on a dryland, showed up as statistically significant (p < 0.05; p < 0.01), with the highest share of swimming start to 4 meters performance (p < 0.01; r = 0.686). We used the regression step analysis in which we decrease the indicators to the three main factors of the strength of lower limbs model, which influence the swimming performance to the 25 meters backstroke significantly with large effect (R2 = 0.4787 %; f2 = 0.9183; F = 7.652; p < 0.01). Again, the highest and statistically significant (p < 0.01) share on the explanation of swimming performance had the start to 4 meters with 43.33 % percentage share. Besides the swimming start, the Countermovement Jump test was statistically significant too (p < 0.05) and statistically insignificant was test of maximum velocity on a dry-land. By this study we can evaluate how individual factors of strength of lower limbs influence the swimming performance and for the future it is necessary to complete them with the other factors for the better creation of the appropriate swimming training program.

Fertilizing Capacity of the Cryopreserved Sperm of Prochilodus brevis

Background: Seminal cryopreservation is a technique that optimizes aquacultural production, as it requires less breeding and enables reproduction outside of the breeding season. This technique also helps to preserve species, thus reducing the pressure on the natural stocks. Several studies have sought to develop freezing protocols that result in semen of a good quality. However, some studies do not evaluate the ability of frozen semen to produce viable larvae. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the fertilizing capacity of the frozen semen of Prochilodus brevis.Materials, Methods & Results: Semen from twenty adult males of the Brazilian bocachico was collected and evaluated to establish the total motility, curvilinear velocity, straight linear velocity, average path velocity, membrane integrity, pH, and concentration. Six pools were formed, each of which was diluted in a freezing medium containing 5% glucose with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 5% glucose with 10% methyl glycol (MG). The samples were loaded into 0.25 mL French straws, frozen in a dry shipper, and stored in a liquid nitrogen canister. The semen was then thawed and evaluated to establish the total motility, curvilinear velocity, straight linear velocity, average path velocity, and membrane integrity. For the fertilization test, four females were used. The oocytes from each female were divided into three batches and fertilized with either fresh or cryopreserved semen. The rates of fertilization, hatching, and larval survival were then measured. Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using SAS (2002). The frozen semen with glucose + DMSO was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the frozen semen with glucose + MG, in all seminal quality parameters evaluated (63.95 ± 15.88% and 25.36 ± 3.53% for the motility, 36.38 ± 7.02 μm.s-1 and 20.45 ± 2.84 μm.s-1 for the curvilinear velocity, 19.26 ± 2.74 μm.s-1 and 3.03 ± 1.40 μm.s-1 for the straight linear velocity, 25.70 ± 6.51 μm.s-1 and 6.90 ± 1.12 μm.s-1 for the average path velocity, and 63.58 ± 6.95% and 35.58 ± 11.26% for the membrane integrity, respectively). MG were very close to zero and not statistically significant. Regarding these same parameters, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) when the fresh semen was compared to the cryopreserved semen with glucose + DMSO (36.25 ± 2.5% and 29.16 ± 5.64% for the fertilization rate, 38.56 ± 11.23% and 29.33 ± 11.75% for the hatching rate, and 11.59 ± 5.16% and 7.63 ± 5.46% for the larval survival rate, respectively).Discussion: This is the first study of the artificial fertilization of Prochilodus brevis using cryopreserved semen. Seminal quality parameters are important for predicting the success of the cryopreservation technique, however, in vivo tests are essential to confirm such success. Thus, obtaining larvae is a major step towards the standardization of a cryopreservation protocol for a particular species. It is known that cryopreservation reduces the seminal quality but is a necessary process for the conservation of male gametes in the long term and, as shown in this study, good results can be obtained. In this study, the best results were obtained with the inclusion of DMSO in the freezing medium. This effect can be attributed to DMSO having a very low molecular weight, which decreases the formation of ice crystals. Considering the results obtained, we concluded that it is feasible to obtain larvae of the Brazilian bocachico using frozen semen in a 5% glucose solution with 10% DMSO.

Menentukan Koefisien Restitusi Tumbukan dengan Analisis Konversi Sudut Penyimpangan

Physical practicum-based learning on collision was been carried out with the aim of knowing the magnitude of the coefficient of restitution of collision of 2 toy balls that are hung on station with a rope by analyzing the conversion of angle of the deviation before and after collision to the magnitutde of velocity. The instruments used in the practicum were“ tek-tek” balls, “ping-pong” balls, clear rubber ball, bow, stationary. Data collection was taken from the 8 practicum groups each of which consists of 4 students in class X IPA 1 of Senior High School 2 Kebumen in the 2nd semester of the school year 2017/2018. Conclusions obtained from data analysis are the conversion of angle of deviation before and after collision to the magnitude of velocity, average collision coefficient; between “tek-ball” was 0.18, “tek-tek” ball with clear rubber ball was 0.26, “tek-tek” ball with “pingpong” ball was 0.64. So that the three collisions include a partially resilient collision which has a range of restitution coefficients 0 ˂ e ˂ 1.Students did the practicum carefully, students had fun learning while playing and collision. This practicum can be done as an alternative to teach the competency on KI-4

Analisis Gerak Teknik Dasar Hit dan Reverse Hit Terhadap Kecepatan Bola dan Ketepatan Sasaran

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to analyze movement in doing basic technics, hit and reverse hit, on hockey field. There was seven aspects to be analyzed such as ball’s velocity, accuration, the angle of right arm (hit) / left arm (reverse hit), the angle of right and left leg, and the distance of leg. With these result, hopefully can be used as refferences in the practice, specifically on basic technics, hit and reverse hit. Data took from 6 man national hockey athletes (professional) and 6 man Surabaya hockey athletes (beginner). The test had done on each athletes did hit and reverse hit on 5 times that recorded used Handycam Sony HDR CX 450 then being analyzed used Software Dartfish Teampro 5.5. According to the analyze that used p level significant (0,05) that showed the significant difference from hit technic to the ball’s velocity from national hockey athletes (professional) is 19,22 m/s. It is better than Surabaya hockey athletes (beginer) with the ball’s velocity average is 12,55 m/s. The result also showed that there is significant difference to reverse hit technic with the ball’s velocity average is 18,07 m/s from national hockey athletes (professional). This result is better than from Surabaya hockey athletes (beginner) with the ball’s velocity average is 14,17 m/s. However, on the accuration, the result showed that there is no significant difference from both of the groups. In short, according to the result, the coach should more be focused to watch the angle of arm to the touch phase, the angle of right leg on the first phase to the next phase, the angle of left leg on the first phase, and the distance of leg on the first phase up to the next phase in doing basic technic; hit. Meanwhile, to do basic technic; reverse hit, the coach should more be focused to the angle of arm on the first phase and touch face, the angle of right leg on the touch phase and the next phase, and the angle of left leg on the first phase to the next phase.Keywords : accuration, ball’s velocity, reverse hit, hit, movement analyze.