scholarly journals Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release in selected soil orders of southern Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 200-207
Author(s):  
Zareian Gholamreza ◽  
Farpoor Mohammad Hady ◽  
Hejazi-Mehrizi Majid ◽  
Jafari Azam
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Southern Iran ◽  
Successive Extraction ◽  
Palygorskite Clay ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
K Release Rate ◽  
K Release

Non-exchangeable K release can greatly influence soil K fertility. This study was carried out to study the release of non-exchangeable K from 22 surface and subsurface soils of southern Iran using successive extraction with 10 mmol/l of CaCl<sub>2</sub> and oxalic acid in a period of 2−1368 h at 25 ± 1°C. Alfisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, and Histosols were among the studied soil orders. Illite, smectite, chlorite, vermiculite, kaolinite and palygorskite clay minerals were identified. The amount of non-exchangeable K varied from 95 to 506 mg/kg. Results showed that CaCl<sub>2</sub> and oxalic acid released 60 and 55% of non-exchangeable K from soils, respectively. The discontinuity in slope was found when the cumulative amount of released K was plotted versus time, supporting the multi-reactive nature of K exchange sites. The cumulative K release in soils ranged from 87 to 300 mg/kg for CaCl<sub>2</sub> and 78 to 300 mg/kg for oxalic acid which was well described by simplified Elovich and power function equations. The b constant of simplified Elovich as an index of non-exchangeable K release rate was in the range of 10 to 36 mg/kg for CaCl<sub>2</sub> and 11 to 36 mg/kg for oxalic acid. The highest b constant was measured in Inceptisols and Alfisols, while the lowest values were found in Entisols and Histosols. In conclusion, the K release pattern was similar for both extractants and affected by clay content and type, and soil depth.

Factors affecting potassium release in calcareous soils of southern Iran

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Najafi Ghiri ◽  
Ali Abtahi ◽  
Fatemeh Jaberian
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Southern Iran ◽  
K Release Rate ◽  
K Release

Experiments were conducted on 48 representative surface and subsurface soils collected from different climatic and physiographic conditions in southern Iran to assess factors affecting potassium (K) release and to find the best fitting models to describe the release kinetics of K to 0.01 m CaCl2. Mineralogical analysis showed that smectite, mica, chlorite, and palygorskite were the main clay minerals in the studied soils, whereas quartz, mica, and feldspars were abundant in the silt and sand fractions. Results indicated that cumulative K released ranged from 26.7 to 260 mg/kg (mean 176 mg/kg) for surface soils and from 37.9 to 198 mg/kg (mean 130 mg/kg) for subsurface soils. The predominant source of K in the soils appeared to be mica, because there was a significant relationship between cumulative K released and mica content. The percentage of non-exchangeable K release to CaCl2 during 1496 h was also correlated with the ratio of mica in the coarse fractions to total mica in the whole soil. Results showed that the Elovich equation adequately described the reaction rates of K release from surface and subsurface soils and suggested a heterogeneous diffusion process. We concluded that mica content and its particle size, soil depth, and some soil properties are the main factors controlling K release rate. On the other hand, we found no significant relationships between K release rate and climatic conditions, or physiographic positions.

scholarly journals Effects of zeolite and vermicompost applications on potassium release from calcareous soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Najafi-Ghiri
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Fertility Management ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Elovich Equation ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
K Release Rate ◽  
K Release

Zeolite and vermicompost applications to soil may improve K fertility of soils. For this purpose, these materials were added to five representative calcareous soils collected from southern Iran. The treatments included (1) control, (2) 20 g/kg zeolite, (3) 20 g/kg vermicompost, and (4) 20 g/kg vermicompost + zeolite (1:1). The samples were incubated for 90 days, and the concentrations of soluble, exchangeable, and non-exchangeable K and K release rate to 0.01M CaCl<sub>2</sub> during 240 min (16 successive 15 min extractions of soil samples with CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution) were determined. Results indicated that zeolite application increased significantly the concentration of soluble and exchangeable K. Vermicompost application had a positive effect on all forms of K. Cumulative K release was also affected by vermicompost application. Comparison of experimental data to different kinetic models indicated that Elovich, power function, and parabolic diffusion models described well kinetics of K&nbsp;release from all soil samples to 0.01M CaCl<sub>2</sub>. The b values of Elovich equation had significant relationships with NH<sub>4</sub>OAc- and HNO<sub>3</sub>-extractable K. It is recommended that for K fertility management of calcareous soils, organic and inorganic amendments application to soils should be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals   Potassium release kinetics and its correlation with pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plant indices

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 328-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Hosseinpur ◽  
H.R. Motaghian ◽  
M.H. Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Bean Plant ◽  
Pinto Bean ◽  
Successive Extraction ◽  
Release Studies ◽  
Function Models ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Total Reaction Time ◽  
K Release

The rate of potassium (K) release from soils is a dynamic process, and it is important to the evaluation of soil K availability to plant. The objectives of this study were to determine K release characteristics and the correlation of these parameters with bean plant indices in surface soils of 15 calcareous soils. The kinetics of K release was determined by successive extraction with 0.01 mol/L CaCl<sub>2</sub> in a period of 2&ndash;2017 h at 25 &plusmn; 1&deg;C. The results showed that the cumulative K&rlm; release ranged from 111 to 411 mg/kg. A plot of cumulative amount of K released showed a discontinuity in slope at 168 h. Thus, two equations were applied to segments of the total reaction time (2 to 168 and 168 to 2017 h). The amounts of K released during 2&ndash;168 and 168&ndash;2017 h ranged from 55 to 299 and 44 to 119 mg/kg, respectively. Release kinetics of K conformed fairly well to parabolic diffusion, simplified Elovich and power function models in two segments. Potassium released after 2&ndash;168 and 168&ndash;2017 h and K release rate constants were significantly correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with bean plant indices, while correlation between K extracted by using 1 mol/L NH<sub>4</sub>OAc (ammonium acetate) and plant indices was not significant. The results of this research showed that information obtained from K release studies in laboratory and kinetics equation parameters can help to estimate the K supplying power of soils. &nbsp;

THE KINETICS OF NONEXCHANGEABLE POTASSIUM AND MAGNESIUM RELEASE FROM QUEBEC SOILS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. SIMARD ◽  
J. ZIZKA ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Elovich Equation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Kinetics Of

Ligands such as complexing organic acids play a significant role in the dynamics of release of plant nutrients in soils. The objective of this work was to study the dynamics of slowly exchangeable K and Mg release from 12 Quebec soils by ten successive extractions with 5 × 10−4 M citric acid, over a period of 1800 h, and by a single extraction with boiling 1.0 M HNO3. All soils were characterized by a mixed clay mineralogical composition with swelling minerals as major components. The kinetics of slowly exchangeable K and Mg cumulative release were described using two forms of the Elovich, the parabolic diffusion, power function, and first and zero order equations. Comparisons of r and SE values showed that the extended form of the Elovich equation best fitted K and Mg release to citric acid. The amount and rate of K release by the citric acid procedure were highly correlated to the amounts of slowly exchangeable HNO3-extractable and rapidly exchangeable NH4OAc-extractable K and to the coarse clay content of the soils. The amount of Mg released to citric acid was proportional to the unbuffered cation exchange capacity of the soils. The results indicated that the citric acid procedure was a time saving alternative to the study of the kinetics of slowly exchangeable K and Mg release from soils. Key words: Nonexchangeable K, citric acid, nonexchangeable Mg, podzolic soils, kinetics

scholarly journals LE PRÉLÈVEMENT DU K PAR LA LUZERNE (Medicago sativa L.) ET SA DYNAMIQUE DANS 30 SOLS DU QUÉBEC

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. SIMARD ◽  
J. ZIZKA ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Monovalent Cation ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Kinetics Of

The understanding of the kinetics of K uptake by plants is necessary for the development of predictive models aimed at optimum fertilizer use and crop yields. The objective of this work was to study the kinetics of K uptake by alfalfa, in a long-term growth chamber experiment (366 d), on 30 soils from Quebec. The soils varied in mineralogical composition and by the amounts of available K in soluble, rapidly and slowly exchangeable forms. In 28 of the 30 soils, a minimal, steady-state level of NH4OAc-K was reached after 208 d and six cuts of alfalfa. This minimal level and the K uptakes were qualitatively related to soil texture. Only soils with clay content greater than 35% were still able to supply enough K to maintain alfalfa yields. The kinetics of K uptake was described by two parabolic diffusion equations. In the first 208 d, the rate and amounts of K uptake were better predicted by extracting procedures using a monovalent cation for the exchange. The amount of HNO3-K in the soils was very significantly related to the rate (r = 0.90**) and amount of slowly exchangeable K uptake (r = 0.89**) in the last 158 d of growth. The availability of K was greater in soils rich in feldspar and vermiculite than in soils where illite is a major component. The results of this study indicate that the amounts of HNO3-K and/or the clay content should be integrated into alfalfa fertilizer requirement tables along with amounts of K in soluble and rapidly exchangeable forms for maintenance of alfalfa fields. Key words: Slowly exchangeable K, alfalfa, uptake kinetics, HNO3-K, diffusion, K uptake

Potassium balance and release kinetics of non-exchangeable K in a Typic Haplustert as influenced by cattle manure application under a soybean-wheat system

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muneshwar Singh ◽  
A. K. Tripathi ◽  
D. Damodar Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Potassium Balance ◽  
Negative Balance ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
K Release

Potassium balance and non-exchangeable potassium release in 0.01 M CaCl2 medium in a Typic Haplustert were studied in a 7-year-old soybean–wheat rotational experiment involving 4 levels of cattle manure along with the recommended dose of K (66 kg/ha.year). Continuous cropping without returning crop residues to the soil led to a negative balance of 66–107 kg K/ha.year. Manuring at the rate of 4 and 8 t/ha did not significantly change the negative balance, but application of 16 t/ha manure reduced the negative K balance. Continuous cropping without cattle manure reduced cumulative K release from 236 mg/kg (initial) to 195 mg/kg. Application of manure at 4, 8, and 16 t/ha kept K release at 229, 245, and 246 mg/kg soil, respectively. A parabolic diffusion equation was the best fit to describe K release. Cropping under the present level of K input resulted in a decline in non-exchangeable K whatever the addition of manure. Manuring at 4 and 8 t/ha has accelerated the mining of native K, which increased the unsustainability of the system. K balance, non-exchangeable K release kinetics, soybean–wheat rotation, cattle manure, Typic Haplustert.

scholarly journals Kinetics of potassium release from soil amended with clinoptilolite zeolite and maize stalks biochar

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Fatma N. Thabit ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Maize Stalks ◽  
K Release ◽  
Cacl2 Solution

A laboratory incubation experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was carried out for 90 days to test the effect of zeolite and biochar application to calcareous sandy loam soil on potassium forms distribution and its release rate. The treatments included (1) Absolute control (C), (2) 10 g kg-1 zeolite (Z1), (3) 20 g kg-1 zeolite (Z2), (4) 10 g kg-1 biochar (B1), and (5) 20 g kg-1 biochar (B2). After incubation period, the concentrations of soluble, exchangeable, and non-exchangeable K and the release rate of K to 0.01 M CaCl2 during 200 min (10 successive extractions for soil samples of 20 min for each using CaCl2 solution) were determined. Results showed that zeolite application increased the soluble and exchangeable K concentrations. However, amending soil with biochar had a positive effect on all K forms. Addition of zeolite or biochar increased the cumulative K release. The parabolic diffusion, power function and Simple Elovich models described the kinetics of K release to CaCl2 solution well from all the soil treatments. Zeolite and maize stalks biochar may have an effective role in improvement of K availability and release in the calcareous sandy loam soil as well as may aid in increasing the ability of this soil to supply the different crops with K.

scholarly journals 113 ESTIMATING SOIL. POTASSIUM SUPPLY TO MEET PROCESSING TOMATO REQUIREMENTS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 444d-444
Author(s):  
T. K. Hartz
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Supply ◽  
Fixation Capacity ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
K Release Rate ◽  
K Release

A 1993 survey of 50 commercial processing tomato fields in California revealed widespread potassium deficiency, as determined by tissue K levels below existing sufficiency standards and the occurrence of vine necrosis consistent with K deficiency. Soils from these fields were analyzed for exchangeable K by ammonium acetate extraction, and for K release rate by a 7 day incubation procedure (1:10 soil:. 01 M CaCl2 at 25°). Soil K release rate was more highly correlated with tissue K at midseason than was exchangeable K. These soils were further examined for K fixation capacity. Three g soil was blended with 3 ml 10 meq K as KNO3, allowed to dry, incubated for 7 days in a 1:10 soil: H2O solution, then extracted in 1 N NH4Cl; added K not recovered was considered fixed. Percent K fixation ranged from 0 to 82%. These data suggest that the inconsistent response of processing tomato to K application in numerous California trials may be related to a) the reliance on extractable K analysis to characterize soil K supply and b) no consideration of soil K fixation capacity in determining K application timing and method.

Analysis of K+ release kinetics of biomass ash with different pH

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Kan WANG ◽  
Zifang WANG ◽  
Ming GAO ◽  
Yaohua HUANG ◽  
Xiaofei HAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Biomass Ash ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
K Release

POTASSIUM STATUS OF SOME QUEBEC SOILS: K RELEASED BY NITRIC ACID AND SODIUM TETRAPHENYLBORON AS RELATED TO PARTICLE SIZE AND MINERALOGY

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. AL-KANANI ◽  
A. F. MacKENZIE ◽  
G. J. ROSS
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Sodium Tetraphenylboron ◽  
K Release

The K release characteristics of surface samples from five Quebec soils were investigated. Each soil was fractionated by size into six separates. Each separate was extracted with 1 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), with 1 M nitric acid (HNO3) and with sodium tetraphenylboron (NaTPB) and the K extracted was determined. The clay separates contained most of the HNO3 and NaTPB-extractable K. The average amounts of K removed by 1 M HNO3 and NaTPB from the clay was up to 16 times more than that released from silt or sand fractions. The strong relationship between extractable K and clay content was probably due to the similarity in mineralogical composition and degree of weathering of these soils. Clay-sized chlorite and vermiculite were destroyed by the HNO3 extraction but not by the NaTPB extraction. Crop response to K fertilizer was generally reduced as clay content and extractable K increased. Key words: Extractable K, NaTPB-K, HNO3-K

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