Taxonomic structure of tissue endophytic bacterial microbiome in clonal apple rootstock grown on sod-podzolic soils with variant properties

The taxonomic structure of tissue endophytic bacterial microbiome was comparatively studied in microplants (undifferentiated explant callus tissues, passage 25) and 5-year clonal apple rootstocks 57-490 and 54-118 cultured from corresponding tissues (passage 1) on sod-podzolic soils with variant granulometry, chemical, physical and physicochemical properties. Proteobacteria (91.6 %) predominated in vitro tissues among other endophytic bacterial phyla in rootstock 57-490, while Proteobacteria (52.5 %) and Firmicutes (47.4 %) — in rootstock 54-118. The endophytic Firmicutes ratio vs. in vitro tissues decreases (0.7-2.0 %) in roots and more severely (0-0.2 %) in leaves. Endophytic Actinobacteriota are revealed in 11.7 % in roots of the study rootstock in heavy loam soil, whilst in medium loam their ratio drops to 2.74.1 % in roots and 0.1-0.2 % in leaves. The phylogenetic diversity indices estimation for main endophytic bacterial phyla in apple rootstock tissue recovers their essentially lower diversity and evenness in culture endosphere (Shannon index 0.42-1.00) vs. open soil roots (1.34-2.08). The leaves Shannon index is typically low (0.06-0.13) indicating poor diversity and evenness of the main endophytic bacterial phyla.

Проблемы актуализации земледельческих практик в Ямало-Ненецком автономном округе

Agricultural practices in agrocenoses of different ages and in fallow lands of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Region of the Russian Federation were studied with account for post-agrogenic transformations of soils under cryogenic conditions. Agricultural practices in the YNAR are much consistent with those in Finnish Lapland, Southern Greenland, and remote fishing villages in Alaska. Well-drained areas with sandy, light and medium loamy, sod-meadow or sod-podzolic soils, which are easily warmed and not floating in cases of heavy rainfall, are selected for gardens and fields. The depth of permafrost is reduced in plowed areas and depends on the age of their development. The content of available forms of phosphorus and potassium in the upper layer of fallow soils remains very high even through 5-20 years. The use of agricultural techniques, including mulching, drainage, and application of manure and compost derived from fish, increases soil fertility. Currently, agriculture in YNAR decays for such reasons as remoteness (logistics problems), dependence on weather conditions, difficulties in field cultivation, lack of market for agricultural products, and limited choice of products due to natural conditions and the specifics of the agricultural industry. The small indigenous peoples and the landscapes of the North are inseparable and may be sustainable only based on the traditional ways of life harmonized with the natural and social environments.

Changes in agrochemical indicators in an agricultural landscape with sod-podzolic soils against the background of the use of non-traditional fertilizers

The results of changes in agrochemical indicators in an agricultural landscape with sod-podzolic soils against the background of the use of non-traditional fertilizers in the Yaroslavl region are presented. A consequence of the intensive development of poultry farming and greenhouse farming in the region is not only an increase in the volume of basic products, but also the accumulation of production waste, such as poultry manure in poultry farming and used mats of the greenhouse economy. Both types of waste are environmentally hazardous and require special care when disposing of them. One of the options for solving the problem may be the processing of waste into a granular organic-mineral substrate. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of unconventional fertilizers was carried out in a 3-factor stationary field experiment while simultaneously studying the systems of basic soil cultivation and plant protection. The studies have shown that the developed organomineral fertilizer, created from waste chicken manure and mineral mats, does not have a negative effect on the agrochemical indicators of soil fertility and can be recommended for production.

Meadows and pastures in the agricultural landscapes of the Karelian province of the Middle Taiga zone of the North-West of Russia

In order to take into account the territorial differences of natural and economic conditions, to identify biological and ecological patterns, the agro-landscape and ecological zoning of natural forage lands (NFL) of the North-Western natural and economic region of the Russian Federation has been developed. The Karelian province occupies 23% of the area in the north of the Leningrad region, bordering Karelia and Finland. The Karelian province is located in the western part of the Middle Taiga zone, which is characterized by Eastern European Middle Taiga plains. Most of the area of the province (65%) is covered by forests. Agricultural land occupies only 4% of the total area of the province. Including arable land – 2%, hayfields and pastures – 1% each. The territory of the province is significantly moistened and swampy. Swamps occupy 11% of the area, under water – about 11%. Shrubs occupy 3% of the area of the province, other land – about 6%. The structure of NFL is dominated (53%) by normally moistened dry-grass grasslands on sod-podzolic soils. Fine-grained sweet-scented and finegrained grasslands with a large participation of various grasses are common. The yield of hay is 9–13 c/ha, feed is 70 c/ha. Grass-mixed grass and grass-sedge-mixed grass lowland and swampy meadows on swamp-podzolic soils occupy 44%. Grass stands with the dominance of the sod pike are common. Swampy depressions are occupied by large-seeded grass stands. The yield of hay is 10–15 c/ha, feed is 9–11 c/ha. The ecological state of the province’s landscapes is satisfactory-tense.

The effect of organic fertilizers on the physico-chemical and agrochemical properties of sod-podzolic soils

Studies of the effect of litter chicken manure applied in doses of 500-1000 t/ha showed a significant increase in the humus content in soils up to 2.8-5.2%, led to an increase in the content of thermophilic microflora in soils up to 12 · 105 CFU/ g, to an increase in the content of mobile phosphates up to 1200 mg/kg. However, the content of mobile forms of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni) also increased. The increase in humus content in soils positively correlated with the content of mobile phosphates (r up to 0.5). Keywords: SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL, FERTILIZERS, CHICKEN MANURE, AGROCHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SOIL PROPERTIES

Influence of using fertilizers on fertility indices of sod-podzolic soils and productivity of short-term crop rotation of Polissya

The influence of litter manure and straw as fertilizers in pure form and in combination with manure, green manure and mineral fertilizers on the content of humus and basic nutrients in sod-podzolic soil has been studied. A significant effect on the change of humus content on sod-podzolic soils depending on fertilizer systems has been established. The highest indicators of humus content in the soil were found in the variants with 40 t/ha of manure, 0.97–1.14% and 1.17–1.23%, respectively, and straw 4 t/ha in combination with lupine green manure — 0.94–1.15% and 1.16–1.25%. The most significant increase in humus content per rotation was observed in sidereal crop rotation, against the background without fertilizers the indicator increased by 0.05–0.29%, against the background of N40P40K120 application — by 0.03–0.21%, in crop rotation — 0.05–0.19% and 0.01-0.09%, respectively. Analyzing the dynamics of the content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen, it was found that the greatest growth both at the beginning and at the end of crop rotation provided options with the introduction of 40 t/ha of manure (+69…+85 mg/kg of soil), 4 t/ha of straw with half dose of manure (+63…+82 mg/kg of soil) and straw with green manure (+71…+80 mg/kg of soil). The application of manure, straw and plowing of green manures contributed to the increase of the content of mobile phosphorus compounds from 9 to 69 mg/kg of soil on the background without fertilizers and 38 to 67 mg/kg of soil on the background N40P40K120. The combination of straw with manure and straw with green manure for the application of mineral fertilizers helped to increase the content of mobile phosphorus compounds to the level recorded in the variant for the application of 40 t/ha of manure, and in some versions of the experiment even exceed it. It was found that the deficit-free and positive balance of potassium for rotation of crop rotation and sidereal crop rotation was provided by variants with 4 t/ha of straw in combination with 20 t/ha of manure and 4 t/ha of straw in combination with lupine green manure against N40P40K120. Balances and productivity of arable land use in short-rotation crop rotations of Polissya are calculated. In crop rotation, the humus balance is negative for the alienation of lupine green mass for fodder. Variants with application of 10 t / ha of crop rotation area of manure (–0.03 t/ha) and 1 t/ha of straw with half dose of manure (–0.1 t/ha) on the background of N35P35K85 application allowed to get as close as possible to the deficit-free balance of humus. In sidereal crop rotation, a positive balance of humus is observed with the application of 10 t/ha of manure (+0.21…+0.29 t/ha), 1 t/ha of straw in combination with 5 t/ha of manure, 22 t/ha) and 1 t/ha of straw in combination with green manure (+0.09… +0.18 t/ha). Close to the deficit-free balance of humus is the option with the introduction of 1 t/ha of straw in its pure form. An alternative to manure in Polissya should be the use of straw in combination with green manure (including lupine), which will help preserve and reproduce the humus content in the soil, improve the balance of nutrients and increase the productivity of arable land in crop rotations.