scholarly journals A comparison of the distribution and morphology of ChAT-, VAChT-immunoreactive and AChE-positive neurons in the thoracolumbar and sacral spinal cord of the pig

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 434-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Calka ◽  
M. Zalecki ◽  
K. Wasowicz ◽  
M.B. Arciszewski ◽  
M. Lakomy
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Unique Region ◽  
Intermediolateral Nucleus ◽  
Sacral Spinal Cord

Present knowledge concerning the organization of cholinergic structures of the spinal cord has been derived primarily from studies on small laboratory animals, while there is a complete lack of information concerning its structure in the pig. In the present study we employed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry to identify the cholinergic neuronal population in the thoracolumbar and sacral spinal cord of the pig. The distribution of ChAT-, VAChT- and AChE-positive cells was found to be similar. Distinct groups of cholinergic neurons were observed in the gray matter of the ventral horn, intermediolateral nucleus, intermediomedial nucleus as well as individual stained cells were found in the area around the central canal and in the base of the dorsal horn. Double staining confirmed complete colocalization of ChAT with AChE in the ventral horn and intermediolateral nucleus although in the intermediomedial nucleus only 64% of the AChE-positive neurons expressed ChAT-immunoreactivity, indicating unique, region restricted, diversity of ChAT and AChE staining. Our results revealed details concerning spatial distribution and morphological features of the cholinergic neurons in the thoracolumbar and sacral spinal cord of the pig. We also found that the pattern of distribution of cholinergic neurons in the porcine spinal cord shows great similarity to the organization of the cholinergic system in other mammalian species studied.

Distribution of substance P in the spinal cord of patients with syringomyelia

1996 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 992-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Milhorat ◽  
Harrison T. M. Mu ◽  
Carole C. LaMotte ◽  
Ade T. Milhorat
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Neurologically Normal ◽  
Intermediolateral Nucleus

✓ The distribution of substance P, a putative neurotransmitter and pain-related peptide, was studied using the peroxidase—antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method in the spinal cords obtained from autopsy of 10 patients with syringomyelia and 10 age- and sex-matched, neurologically normal individuals. Substance P immunoreactivity was present in axons and in terminal-like processes in close apposition to neurons in the first, second, and third laminae of the dorsal horn. Smaller amounts of peroxidase-positive staining were found in the fifth lamina of the dorsal horn, the intermediolateral nucleus, the intermediomedial nucleus, and the ventral horn. In nine of 10 patients with syringomyelia, there was a substantial increase in substance P immunoreactivity in the first, second, third, and fifth laminae below the level of the lesion. A marked reduction or absence of staining was present in segments of the spinal cord occupied by the syrinx. Central cavities produced bilateral abnormalities, whereas eccentric cavities produced changes that were ipsilateral to the lesion. No alterations in staining were found in the spinal cord of an asymptomatic patient with a small central syrinx. The authors conclude that syringomyelia can be associated with abnormalities in spinal cord levels of substance P, which may affect the modulation and perception of pain.

scholarly journals A modified peroxidase--antiperoxidase procedure for improved localization of tissue antigens: localization of substance P in rat spinal cord.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
L L Vacca ◽  
S J Abrahams ◽  
N E Naftchi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Afferent Fiber ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Ph Buffer

A procedure is presented which modifies the Sternberger peroxidase--antiperoxidase (PAP) technique in order to visualize additional amounts of immunodeposits representing the antigen substance (SP) in 5-micrometer paraffin tissue sections of rat spinal cord. For increased sensitivity, the new procedure utilizes a "double bridge" and diaminobenzidine in low pH buffer. The modifications have made possible the visualization of immunoreactive beaded processes and punctate bodies, which were then traced to determine patterns of SP circuitry. Using the modified PAP procedure, the greatest number of immunoreactive processes appeared in the dorsal horn, where some punctate bodies and varicose processes could be seen adjacent to the myelinated afferent fiber bundles that penetrate the substantia gelatinosa as dorsal root collaterals. Additional immunoreactive processes and punctate bodies coursed through the myelinated afferent fiber bundles that penetrate the dorsolateral white matter, and extend into the intermediolateral gray region. Substance P was also identified within immunoreactive processes found in Rexed's laminae V and VI, as well as the central canal region, the dorsal gray commissure, and the ventral gray and white commissures. Since the modifications improved the visualization of SP-containing processes in sparsely populated regions of the spinal cord, especially the ventral horn, they may be useful in demonstrating other antigens that normally occur in small quantities within tissues.

Visceral and somatic afferent convergence onto neurons near the central canal in the sacral spinal cord of the cat

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1059-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Honda
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pelvic Viscera ◽  
Somatic Receptive Fields ◽  
Sacral Spinal Cord ◽  
Stimulation Of

One hundred and sixty extracellularly and intracellularly recorded unitary discharges from the sacral or caudal spinal segments of 30 anemically decerebrated cats were studied to examine the effects of somatic and visceral afferent stimulation on neurons near the central canal (CC). The recorded unitary activity was histologically verified (by dye marks or horseradish peroxidase, HRP) as having come from the gray matter surrounding the CC that approximates Rexed's lamina X. In the absence of intentional stimulation or apparent injury by the recording electrode, 62% of the units exhibited ongoing discharges. Each unit was tested for responses to the stimulation of somatic (cutaneous and subcutaneous) and visceral (bladder and colon) structures. Seventy-six (48%) of the units responded exclusively to the stimulation of somatic receptive fields, and 10 (6%) of the units were selectively responsive to stimulation of the pelvic viscera. The activity of the remaining 74 (46%) was influenced by activity in both somatic and visceral afferent fibers. Eighteen of the 160 neurons were intracellularly marked with HRP. Based on perikaryal size and dendritic extent, it was possible to divide these cells into two partially overlapping groups. One group consisted of seven neurons with small to medium-sized perikarya, dendritic arbors largely restricted to the gray matter surrounding the CC, and small, singular somatic receptive fields. The second group comprised 11 cells with medium to large-sized soma and dendrites extending out of lamina X. These larger neurons usually possessed multiple, widely distributed somatic receptive fields. The principal finding of the present study is that in the sacral spinal cord many cells near the CC receive primary afferent inputs converging from a wide range of receptor types in somatic and visceral structures. Such neurons are capable of integrating afferent information from somatic structures on both sides of the body with information originating in pelvic viscera and midline regions such as the genitals.

Postnatal Development of Spinal Cord and Liver Antioxidant Status in the Young of Retinol-Overdosed Female Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
Peter Patlevič ◽  
Janka Vašková ◽  
Ladislav Vaško ◽  
Darina Kluchová
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
System Development ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Storage Organs

The metabolic form of vitamin A, retinol, has a pivotal role in the nervous system development and neuronal differentiation, both during embryogenesis through maternal-fetal support and in the early postnatal life. Retinoic acid was administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to pregnant female rats through days 8 - 10 of gestation. Spinal cord sections were processed for histochemical visualization one day after birth and on day 21, when weaning is expected. NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-positive neurons were found in the dorsal horn, around the central canal, and at the intermediolateral cell column on postnatal days 1 and 21 in both control and experimental groups. There were no NADPHd- positive structures in the ventral horn. The results suggest that prenatal administration of high doses of retinoic acid is not associated with postnatal morphological changes in NADPH-d-positive neurons in the rat spinal cord. Levels of antioxidants and related enzymes in retinoid storage organs were measured to estimate possible side effects. The activities of enzymes detoxifying superoxide radicals and peroxides were supressed after birth. A decrease in the level of reduced glutathione was observed on postnatal day 21, indicating an unbalanced redox environment.

scholarly journals De novo aging-related megaloneurites: alteration of NADPH diaphorase positivity in the sacral spinal cord of the aged dog

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinhua Li ◽  
Yunge Jia ◽  
Wei Hou ◽  
Zichun Wei ◽  
Xiaoxin Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus ◽  
Afferent Projections ◽  
Adjacent Segments ◽  
Sacral Spinal Cord

AbstractThe aging-related changes of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the spinal cord were studied in aged dogs. At all levels of the spinal cord examined, NADPH-d activities were present in neurons and fibers in the superficial dorsal horn, dorsal commissure and in neurons around the central canal. In addition, the sympathetic autonomic nucleus in the thoracic and rostral lumbar segments exhibited prominent NADPH-d cellular staining whereas the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) in the sacral segments was not well stained. Interestingly, we found abundant NADPH-d positive enlarged-diameter fibers termed megaloneurite, which characteristically occurred in the aged sacral segments, distributed in the dorsal gray commissure (DGC), lateral collateral pathway (LCP) the lateral fasciculi and the central canal compared with the cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments. The dense, abnormal NADPH-d megaloneurites occurred in extending from dorsal entry zone through lamina I along with the lateral boundary of the dorsal horn to the region of the SPN. These fibers were prominent in the S1-S3 segments but not in adjacent segments L5-L7 and Cx1 or in thoracolumbar segments and cervical segments. Double staining with GFAP, NeuN, CGRP, MAP2 and Iba1, NADPH-d megaloneurite colocalized with vasoactive intestinal peptide. Presumably, the megaloneurites may represent, in part, visceral afferent projections to the SPN and/or DGC. The NADPH-d megaloneurites in the aged sacral spinal cord indicated some anomalous changes in the neurites, which might account for a disturbance in the aging pathway of the autonomic and sensory nerve in the pelvic visceral organs.

scholarly journals The Segmental Morphometric Properties of the Horse Cervical Spinal Cord: A Study of Cadaver

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadullah Bahar ◽  
Durmus Bolat ◽  
Muhammet Lutfi Selcuk
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Area And Volume

Although the cervical spinal cord (CSC) of the horse has particular importance in diseases of CNS, there is very little information about its segmental morphometry. The objective of the present study was to determine the morphometric features of the CSC segments in the horse and possible relationships among the morphometric features. The segmented CSC from five mature animals was used. Length, weight, diameter, and volume measurements of the segments were performed macroscopically. Lengths and diameters of segments were measured histologically, and area and volume measurements were performed using stereological methods. The length, weight, and volume of the CSC were61.6±3.2 cm,107.2±10.4 g, and95.5±8.3 cm3, respectively. The length of the segments was increased fromC1toC3, while it decreased fromC3toC8. The gross section (GS), white matter (WM), grey matter (GM), dorsal horn (DH), and ventral horn (VH) had the largest cross-section areas atC8. The highest volume was found for the total segment and WM atC4, GM, DH, and VH atC7, and the central canal (CC) atC3. The data obtained not only contribute to the knowledge of the normal anatomy of the CSC but may also provide reference data for veterinary pathologists and clinicians.

Effects of NMDA and its antagonists on ventral horn cholinergic neurons in organotypic roller tube spinal cord cultures

1997 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Delfs ◽  
D. M. Saroff ◽  
Y. Nishida ◽  
J. Friend ◽  
C. Geula
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Roller Tube

Spinal Cholinergic Neurons Activated During Locomotion: Localization and Electrophysiological Characterization

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 3537-3547 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Huang ◽  
B. R. Noga ◽  
P. A. Carr ◽  
B. Fedirchuk ◽  
L. M. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fictive Locomotion ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Cholinergic Interneurons ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

The objective of the present study was to determine the location of the cholinergic neurons activated in the spinal cord of decerebrate cats during fictive locomotion. Locomotion was induced by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). After bouts of locomotion during a 7–9 h period, the animals were perfused and the L3–S1 spinal cord segments removed. Cats in the control group were subjected to the same surgical procedures but no locomotor task. The tissues were sectioned and then stained by immunohistochemical methods for detection of the c-fos protein and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme. The resultant c-fos labeling in the lumbar spinal cord was similar to that induced by fictive locomotion in the cat. ChAT-positive cells also clearly exhibited fictive locomotion induced c-fos labeling. Double labeling with c-fos and ChAT was observed in cells within ventral lamina VII, VIII, and possibly IX. Most of them were concentrated in the medial portion of lamina VII close to lamina X, similar in location to the partition and central canal cells found by Barber and collaborators. The number of ChAT and c-fos–labeled neurons was increased following fictive locomotion and was greatest in the intermediate gray, compared with dorsal and ventral regions. The results are consistent with the suggestion that cholinergic interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord are involved in the production of fictive locomotion. Cells in the regions positive for double-labeled cells were targeted for electrophysiological study during locomotion, intracellular filling, and subsequent processing for ChAT immunohistochemistry. Three cells identified in this way were vigorously active during locomotion in phase with ipsilateral extension, and they projected to the contralateral side of the spinal cord. Thus a new population of spinal cord cells can be defined: cholinergic partition cells with commissural projections that are active during the extension phase of locomotion.

scholarly journals A comparative assessment of aging-related NADPH diaphorase positivity in the spinal cord and medullary oblongata between pigeon and murine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunge Jia ◽  
Wei Hou ◽  
Yinhua Li ◽  
Xiaoxin Wen ◽  
Chenxu Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Column Of Terni ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rats And Mice

AbstractNADPH diaphorase (N-d) positive neurons has been examined in many animals. N-d neurodegenerative neurites were detected in some animal models. However, detailed information of N-d positivity and aging related changes was still lack in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of pigeons. In this study, we evaluated the N-d positivity and aging alterations in the spinal cord and medullary oblongata of the pigeon compared with rat and mouse. In pigeons, N-d neurons were more numerous in the dorsal horn, around the central canal and in the column of Terni in the thoracic and lumbar segments and scattered neurons occurred in the ventral horn of spinal segments. N-d neurons also occurred in the white matter of spinal cord. Morphometrical analysis demonstrated in the lumbosacral, cervical and thoracic regions. Compared with young pigeons, the size of N-d soma was significantly altered in aged pigeons. Meanwhile, the dramatic morphological changes occurred in the lumbar to sacral segments. The most important findings of this study were aging-related N-d positive bodies (ANB) in aged pigeons, mainly in the nucleus cuneatus externus (CuE), occasionally in the nuclei gracilis et cuneatus. ANBs were identified in the gracile nuclei in spinal cord in the aged rats and mice. ANBs were also detected in the CuE spinal nucleus in the aged rats. Immunohistochemistry also showed that the aging changes occurred in the cell types and neuropeptides in aged animals. The results suggested the weak inflammation and neuronal dysfunction in the spinal cord in aged pigeons. Our results suggested that the ANB could be considered as aging marker in the central nervous system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document