scholarly journals Analysis of over-the-counter analgesics purported to contain mescaline from the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii: Cactaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Robert LeBlanc ◽  
Sohan De Silva ◽  
Martin Terry
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Detectable Level ◽  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Topical Product ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Topical Analgesic

The purpose of this study was to investigate samples of commercial over-the-counter products purported to contain extracts from peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), a vulnerable species. Samples were extracted with organic solvent and then washed to remove impurities. The extracts of these products were subjected to an analysis by real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) to determine the presence or absence of the alkaloid mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine mescaline concentrations in the samples and to provide quantitative evidence of the concentration—if any—of mescaline in the products. If a detectable level of mescaline—a stable and abundant alkaloid of L. williamsii—was found in a given extract, then it was inferred that L. williamsii was present in the corresponding topical product. The results of this investigation show that most consumers who purchase the products in question are being defrauded if they believe they are buying L. williamsii-based medicines. The lack of mescaline—implying the lack of peyote—in these products suggests that wild populations of the vulnerable cactus L. williamsii, though currently being decimated on a massive scale in Mexico and the U.S. for other purposes, are rarely harvested for use in topical analgesic products. This conclusion is based on the finding that less than 5% of the ostensible L. williamsii-containing topical analgesic products that were analyzed in this study actually contained mescaline.

Saving the gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes) of the Congo Basin

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E. G. Tutin
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
Invasive Techniques

The forests of the Congo Basin in equatorial Africa are home to significant populations of gorillas and chimpanzees. However, numbers are declining owing to hunting and to alteration of their habitat. Gorillas and chimpanzees are particularly vulnerable for biological reasons: slow reproduction, prolonged developmental periods and complex social behaviour. In addition, their capacity to recover from disturbance is limited and the reinforcement of wild populations with captive-born individuals is rarely an option. Compared with the critically endangered mountain gorillas and the beleaguered chimpanzees in forest fragments in West Africa, there are some reasons for optimism about the future of the Congo Basin apes: levels of threat remain relatively low; and conservation of tropical rainforests has become a priority of the international community. At the same time, knowledge of the ecological needs of wild apes has increased and non-invasive techniques now exist to monitor population health. Sadly, no animals remain truly ‘wild’, as their survival depends to a greater or lesser extent on management. Protected areas and laws that forbid hunting of vulnerable species are classic tools of management, but broader landscape visions are now emerging that may allow the Congo Basin to avoid the fragile scenario of larger animals persisting only in ‘island’ parks.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Fentin Acetate Residue in Beet and Soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1173-1176
Author(s):  
Hui Qing Sun ◽  
Yi Qiang Li ◽  
Guang Jun Xu ◽  
Xiao Zhen ◽  
Jin Li Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Detectable Level ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
External Standard ◽  
Detectable Concentration ◽  
Acid Aqueous Solution ◽  
Standard Calibration

Abstract. [Aims] A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was presented for determination of fentin acetate residue in beet and soils. [Methods] Fentin acetate was extracted from beet plants and soils with hydrochloric acid and acetonitrile, followed by a second extraction in dichloromethane, purified by acid aluminium oxide with methanol eluting, then dissolved by concentration and dilution with acetoneitrile. A HPLC with UV detection at 220 nm and a Waters Sun FireTM-C18 column, which was eluted with methanol and 0.5% phosphoric acid aqueous solution and was used based on an external standard calibration curve. [Results] The results showed that the average recoveries were 88.4-95.6% for beet plants and 91.2-91.8% for soils. The relative standard deviations were 2.0-4.5% and 4.3-5.3% respectively. The minimum detectable level was 1.6×10-10g, the lowest detectable concentration was 0.02mg/kg. [Conclusions] The method is convenient and can meet the requirement of residual analysis and also provide reference for other crops.

Detection and Quantification of Biogenic Amines in Fermented Food Products Sold in Botswana

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLEMENT MAGWAMBA ◽  
MAITSHWARELO IGNATIUS MATSHEKA ◽  
SISAI MPUCHANE ◽  
BERHANU ABEGAZ GASHE
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Fermented Beverages ◽  
Sour Milk ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Detection And Quantification

The incidence and concentrations associated with four important biogenic amines in leading commercial fermented beverages consumed in Botswana were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. In 87 sorghum brew and 84 sour milk (madila, amasi) samples tested, putrescine was the most prevalent biogenic amine (63 and 61%, respectively), while histamine was the least prevalent (24 and 8%, respectively). Cadaverine was the most frequently detected biogenic amine in 79 of the commercial sour maize beverage (mageu/mahewu) samples tested (found in 70% of the samples), while tyramine was the least detected (occurring in 3% of the samples). In sorghum brew and sour milk, tyramine was found to be the most concentrated (mean concentration of 2.08 mg/100 ml and 3.2 mg/100 ml, respectively), and histamine was found to be the least concentrated (mean concentration of 0.94 mg/100 ml and 0.31 mg/100 ml, respectively). Overall, the biogenic amine concentrations of all three fermented products were within acceptable limits. However, one sorghum brew sample had a histamine content of 5.8 mg/100 ml, which was above the 5.0 mg/100 g allowable limit suggested by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Development of Rigid Inflatable Boats for U.S. Navy Shipboard Use

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
David W. Amick ◽  
Robert Hamilton ◽  
Curtis E. Shields
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Surf Zone ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Concept Evaluation ◽  
The U.S

The Rigid Inflatable Boat (RIB) was originally developed as a gasoline outboard powered craft for surf zone rescue use by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in the United Kingdom. The objectives were to provide a craft with extremely good stability characteristics to operate in steep onshore breaking waves without capsizing, and to improve the safety of operations alongside other vessels. Open ocean rescue and boarding applications were of interest to the U.S. Coast Guard because of the inherent stability and alongside safety of the RIB. Subsequent feasibility studies by the U.S. Navy indicated that the RIB would be superior in performance to the present 26-ft motor whaleboat, and could also reduce topside weight. The Navy opted for diesel inboard power for the RIB's designated to be carried aboard combatant ships. A diesel-powered RIB was procured for concept evaluation by the U.S. Navy, and has undergone a series of trials and tests to establish smooth-and rough-water performance characteristics. The data acquired confirmed the theoretical performance predicted during the feasibility studies. This first RIB was deployed on a U.S. Navy DDG-993 Class ship utilizing an existing single-point davit. During that deployment, the RIB was launched and retrieved successfully at ship's speeds up to 12 knots. Early indications are that this development program will result in a new ship's boat and an accompanying davit system which will provide the Fleet with a safe, high-performance craft which will greatly enhance operational capability and safety, and substantially reduce topside weight. The enthusiasm of test and Fleet personnel who have operated the RIB attests to its superior performance and to a high degree of probability for success of the program.

High-Performance Steels in the United States

2005 ◽  
pp. 11-44
Author(s):  
M. Myint Lwin ◽  
Alexander D. Wilson ◽  
Vasant C. Mistry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Federal Highway ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Steel Institute

<p>In 1992, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated an effort with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the U. S. Navy (Navy) to develop new high-performance steels (HPS) for bridges. The driving force for this project was the need to develop improved higher strength, improved weldability, higher toughness steels to improve the overall quality and fabricability of steels used in bridges in the United States. It was furthermore established that such steels should be "weathering". By this is meant the ability to perform without painting under normal atmospheric conditions.</p>

Determination of Aniline, 4-Aminoazobenzene, and 2-Naphthol in the Color Additive D&C Red No. 17 Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 1961-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
H H Wendy Yang ◽  
Adrian Weisz
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Color Additive ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Specifications in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations for the color additive D&C Red No. 17 (R17, Colour Index No. 26100) limit the levels of the dye’s intermediates, aniline (AN), 2-naphthol (β-naphthol, BN), and 4-aminoazobenzene (4AAB), to 0.2, 0.2, and 0.1%, respectively. The present work reports the development and application of an ultra-HPLC method for the quantitative determination of these impurities in R17. A 1.7 μm particle size C-18 column was used with 0.2 M ammonium acetate and acetonitrile as the eluents. AN, BN, and 4AAB were quantified by using six-point calibration curves with data points (w/w) ranging from 0.01 to 0.25% for AN, 0.01 to 0.24% for BN, and 0.01 to 0.19% for 4AAB. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.9992 to 0.9999. Limits of detection for the analytes ranged from 0.002 to 0.01%. Recoveries of the analytes ranged from 99.5 to 102%. Relative standard deviations ranged from 0.482 to 1.262%. The new method was applied to analyze portions from 22 batches of R17 submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for certification. It was found to be simpler to implement, faster, and more sensitive than the older gravity-elution column chromatography method, which it has replaced.

Survey of Ochratoxin A in Freshly Harvested Durum and Hard Red Spring Wheat in the United States, 2011 and 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIE A. KURUC ◽  
FRANK MANTHEY ◽  
SENAY SIMSEK ◽  
CHARLENE WOLF-HALL
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
The World ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The U.S

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxin produced by some Penicillium and Aspergillus species around the world in a variety of food and feed, especially cereal grains, before harvest but primarily during storage. Durum and hard red spring (HRS) wheat samples were collected right after harvest as part of the U.S. regional crop quality survey in both 2011 (n = 560) and 2012 (n = 654) from the upper Great Plains. All samples were analyzed for OTA contamination using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Overall, 2.1% of the samples were positive for OTA. In 2011, OTA was detected in 1.0% of the durum wheat samples but was not found in HRS wheat. In 2012, 8.3 and 1.4% of the durum and HRS wheat samples, respectively, were positive for OTA. Of the 25 samples that had detectable OTA, 3 samples (12%), all of which were durum wheat, had OTA that exceeded 5 ng/g.

The Return of High Performance to the U.S. Workplace

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. James Harrington
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
The U.S
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