scholarly journals Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) based on Rubber Seed Oil Synthesized via Low-Pressured Carbonization Reaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2407-2417
Author(s):  
R.A. Hambali ◽  
M.A. Faiza ◽  
A. Zuliahani
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Epoxide Ring ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Epoxidation Reaction

Epoxidised rubber seed oil (ERSO) was successfully synthesized into non-isocyanate polyurethane via carboxylation method whereas peroxoformic acid was formed by in-situ reaction for epoxidation. The effects of temperature and ratio of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid to rubber seed oil carboxylation were studied. The optimum temperature for the epoxidation reaction was found at 50 °C to avoid ring opening reaction of epoxy whilst the optimum ratio of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid is equal molar of double bond: formic acid at 1:2 and 1:1, respectively. At a lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid, the oxirane ring was stable due to the lower hydrolysis (oxirane cleavage) of an epoxide. The effect of using low content of formic acid tends to minimize unwanted epoxide ring opening to occur and make the epoxidation rate increased with increasing of oxirane number. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral displayed the presence of an epoxy functional group at 822 cm-1 and the disappearance of double bond peak at 3011 cm-1 corresponding to epoxidised oil and carbonyl group confirmed the epoxidation reaction had taken place. 1H-NMR was used to confirm the formation of carboxylate functionality after the reaction of epoxy at δ 4.83 and 4.61 ppm. In conclusion, ERSO has great potential to be used as a precursor in producing environmentally friendly non-isocyanate polyurethane.

scholarly journals Oxirane Ring Opening of Rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) Seed Oil by Perfomic Acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5070-5073
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Renewable Source ◽  
Rubber Seed

Studies on the epoxidation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil, a renewable source with formic acid was performed in the presence of 30% hydrogen peroxide at a of temperature 40, 50,60,70 oC. The process is favoured by an increase in temperature forming a product with high oxirane content which is as a result of mole ratios of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Products of high oxirane content are commercialy viable in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Natural rubber and other products can be obtained from this in- situ technique. Studies in this research shows that the rate of epoxidation increases with an increase in temperature.Oxirane values of 2.30, 3.62 and 4.73 for the various temperature. However high oxirane content of 6.22 was obtained at 70 oC which is in line with literature. FTIR analysis was also carried out on the epoxidized rubber seed oil which shows the peaks of oxirane cleavage.

scholarly journals ONE-POT-TWO-STEP SYNTHESIS OF BIOLUBRICANT BASE STOCK FROM RUBBER SEED OIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.O . Madojemu ◽  
E.A. Elimian ◽  
M.C. Ejimadu ◽  
C.O. Okieimen ◽  
F.E. Okieimen
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Base Stock ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Physico Chemical

Biolubricant base stock was synthesized in this work from rubber seed oil in a one-pot-two-step process of epoxidation and hydroxylation. Rubber seed oil was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus. The in situ epoxidation of the rubber seed oil with peracid (hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid) was analysed and optimized considering three process variables with their range of values given as temperature of 35-50 , time of 60-180 mins and mole ratio of hydrogen peroxide to acetic acid of 1:0.25-1:1 by applying the central composite design of response surface methodology. The ring opening reaction (hydroxylation) of the epoxide to polyhydroxylated oil (lubricant basestock) with ethanol was carried out using the optimum conditions obtained from the epoxidation process. The rubber seed oil, epoxide and lubricant basestock were characterized in terms of physico-chemical properties using standard methods and in terms of functional groups using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Maximum epoxide content of 4.85% and maximum conversion of 71% of rubber seed oil to epoxide was achieved at a temperature of 50􀀀 , reaction time of 180 mins and 1: 0.39 mol/mol of hydrogen peroxide to acetic acid. The predicted values of the epoxidation process reasonably agreed with the experimental ones and model R-squared value of about 95% showed that response surface method can reasonably predict the epoxidation process using a quadratic polynomial model. There was 75% conversion of the epoxide to polyhydroxylated oil (biolubricant basestock), which represents a very high yield. The formation of epoxides and polyhydroxylated oil lead to modification (improvement) in the properties of rubber seed oil as confirmed by the physico-chemical properties and FTIR spectra analysis of the oil, epoxide and lubricant basestock. The study showed that chemical derivatives of rubber seed oils are an attractive, renewable, and ecofriendly alternative to mineral oils for lubricant formulations.

Characterization of Epoxidized Rubber Seed Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 728 ◽  
pp. 295-300
Author(s):  
Jutamas Kantee ◽  
Somjai Kajorncheappunngam
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Epoxide Ring ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Ft Ir

Epoxidation of rubber seed oil was carried out using a peroxyacid generated in situ from glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to produce epoxidized rubber seed oil. The maximum relative conversion to oxirane of 88 % could be obtained at 60 °C after a reaction time of 7 hours. The presence of oxirane ring of epoxidized rubber seed oil was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra analysis which displayed a disappearance of double bonds peak in rubber seed oil and an existing of epoxide ring peak in epoxidized rubber seed oil.

scholarly journals Kinetic Study of Epoxidation of Rubber Seed Oil Using Tungstate-based Catalyst

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Thị Thủy
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Endothermic Reaction ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Epoxidation Reaction ◽  
Suitable Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Specific Temperature

By performing the reaction for one hour at three different temperatures, the thermodynamic properties of the epoxidation reaction using tungstate-based catalyst of RSO and eRSO were determined. The rate constant of these epoxidation reactions were varied from 0.57.10-2 to 1.01.10-2 l.mol-1.s-1 with RSO and 0.97.10-2 to 1.76.10-2 l.mol-1.s-1 with eRSO. The activated energies of reaction were 6.2 and 6.6 kcal.mol-1, respectively. The enthalpy ΔH was positive indicating that the epoxidation process was a endothermic reaction, but the free-energy ΔF was also positive, so there was a specific temperature at which the epoxidation process was the most effective. Experimental results showed that 60oC was the most suitable temperature for epoxidation reaction of both RSO and eRSO with the conversion of 91.37% (RSO) and 94.87% (eRSO), the yield of 75.06% (RSO) and 89.56% (eRSO) and the selectivity was 0.82 (RSO) and 0.94 (eRSO), respectively.

scholarly journals Study on Selectivity of Tungstate-based catalyst in Epoxidation Reaction of modified and non-modified Rubber Seed Oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Thị Thủy
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Catalyst Selectivity ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Titrimetric Method ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Nmr Method ◽  
Epoxidation Reaction ◽  
The Difference

The selectivity of tungstate-based catalyst in the epoxidation reaction of rubber seed oil and modified rubber seed oil was studied in two ways. The titration method was performed according to the ASTM standard and the H-NMR method was based on the peaks of the three different standard groups. The catalyst selectivity of the epoxidation reaction of modified rubber seed oil was much higher than that of non-modified rubber seed oil for both methods. The average catalyst selectivity obtained by using H-NMR method of the modified rubber seed oil epoxidation reaction was equal, while of the rubber seed oil epoxidation reaction was 11% lower than that of the titrimetric method. For both types of oils, the difference between the catalytic selectivity obtained by using titration method and by using protons in group α-CH2-(C=O)-O- as the standard peak was the smallest and was the biggest when the protons in group -CH3 was used as the standard peak.

OPTIMISATION OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS IN ACID ESTERFICATION OF RUBBER SEED OIL THROUGH RSM AND ANN

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jilse Sebastian ◽  
Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Mugi ◽  
C. Muraleedharan ◽  
Santhiagu A
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed

Experimental investigations to predict optimistic biodiesel(s) and its optimistic operating conditions by varying ignition delay period and fuel spray pressures for lower emissions and better performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (19) ◽  
pp. 3890-3902
Author(s):  
Vishal V Patil ◽  
Ranjit S Patil
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Neem Seed Oil ◽  
Ignition Delay Period

In this study, different characteristics of sustainable renewable biodiesels (those have a high potential of their production worldwide and in India) were compared with the characteristics of neat diesel to determine optimistic biodiesel for the diesel engine at 250 bar spray pressure. Optimistic fuel gives a comparatively lower level of emissions and better performance than other selected fuels in the study. Rubber seed oil methyl ester was investigated as an optimistic fuel among the other selected fuels such as sunflower oil methyl ester, neem seed oil methyl ester, and neat diesel. To enhance the performance characteristics and to further decrease the level of emission characteristics of fuel ROME, further experiments were conducted at higher spray (injection) pressures of 500 bar, 625 bar, and 750 bar with varying ignition delay period via varying its spray timings such as 8°, 13°, 18°, 23°, 28°, and 33° before top dead center. Spray pressure 250 bar at 23° before top dead center was investigated as an optimistic operating condition where fuel rubber seed oil methyl ester gives negligible hydrocarbon emissions (0.019 g/kW h) while its nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions were about 70% lesser than those observed with neat diesel, respectively.

High value polyurethane resins from rubber seed oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Hong ◽  
Xiao-Qin Yang ◽  
Xianmei Wan ◽  
Zhifeng Zheng ◽  
Zoran S Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed
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