scholarly journals The Notion of Contract Segmentation A Comparative Study in Civil Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-101
Author(s):  
Esmail Namiq Hussain ◽  
◽  
Khalid Khorsheed Hussein ◽  
Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-305
Author(s):  
Paula Giliker

AbstractThe law of tort (or extra or non-contractual liability) has been criticised for being imprecise and lacking coherence. Legal systems have sought to systemise its rules in a number of ways. While civil law systems generally place tort law in a civil code, common law systems have favoured case-law development supported by limited statutory intervention consolidating existing legal rules. In both systems, case law plays a significant role in maintaining the flexibility and adaptability of the law. This article will examine, comparatively, different means of systemising the law of tort, contrasting civil law codification (taking the example of recent French proposals to update the tort provisions of the Code civil) with common law statutory consolidation and case-law intervention (using examples taken from English and Australian law). In examining the degree to which these formal means of systemisation are capable of improving the accessibility, intelligibility, clarity and predictability of the law of tort, it will also address the role played by informal sources, be they ambitious restatements of law or other means. It will be argued that given the nature of tort law, at best, any form of systemisation (be it formal or informal) can only seek to minimise any lack of precision and coherence. However, as this comparative study shows, further steps are needed, both in updating outdated codal provisions and rethinking the type of legal scholarship that might best assist the courts.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-203
Author(s):  
Christina Zournatzi

This paper brings together a comparative study alongside expert analysis of the most important International Maritime Conventions of interest to two European Member States with extensive and significant maritime traditions, Italy and Greece. Initially the general legal framework of these two States with civil law systems is pointed out, followed by an analysis of the most influential and eminent maritime Conventions that have been implemented in the States’ legal systems. The Conventions on salvage, arrest of ships, maritime liens and mortgages and limitation of liability are considered and scrutinised. The methods and the legislative actions that the States adopted for the International rules to become part of their national legislative systems are examined thoroughly.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-382
Author(s):  
Bijan Haji Azizi ◽  
Marzieh Younesi

AbstractContract for practical investment are made in two forms, direct and indirect. Both of the contracts havedifferentiation so does the guaranteed interest condition for them. In the first method, which is the interest of direct investment, the owner of the capital is an investment agentand only interested investors are determined in terms and conditions. In this case from investment, interest is guaranteed by the fact that the investment recipient is committed to buy products produced at price that guarantee logical interest for investors. The accuracy of this guarantee condition is to ensure in term of Islamic law and jurisprudence because commitment to purchase is necessary condition. However in the second form, unlike the first, investor interest is indirectly decided and guaranteed and conditions are increasingly attractive by carrying out industrial and manufacturing activities. This form of interest is also considered legal and valid both in Islamic law and Iran's Civil Law and practically based on the principles of conditions and article 234 of Iran's civil law. So, the main problem of this research the validityof the guaranteed interest conditions in Iranian jurisprudence and law.Keywords: Guaranteed Profit Conditions, Jurisprudence, Iranian Law, MudarabahAbstrakKontrak untuk investasi praktis dibuat dalam dua bentuk, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung. Kedua metode investasi ini memiliki perbedaan, dan kondisi bunga yang dijamin untuk mereka juga akan berbeda. Pada metode pertama, yang merupakan bunga investasi langsung, pemilik modal adalah agen investasi, dan hanya bagi investor yang tertarik ditentukan dalam syarat dan ketentuan. Dalam hal investasi, bunga dijamin dengan fakta bahwa penerima investasi berkomitmen untuk membeli produk yang diproduksi dengan harga yang terjamin. Kondisi jaminan ini dipastikan baik dari segi hukum dan yurisprudensi Islam, karena adanya komitmen untuk membeli adalah syarat mutlak yang diperlukan. Namun dalam bentuk kedua, tidak seperti yang pertama, minat investor secara tidak langsung diputuskan dan dijamin dan kondisinya semakin menarik dengan melakukan kegiatan industri dan manufaktur. Bentuk minat ini juga dianggap sah, baik dalam hukum Islam dan Hukum Perdata Iran, serta sangat praktis berdasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip kelayakan dan pasal 234 hukum sipil Iran. Jadi, pertanyaan utama dari penelitian ini adalah seberapa validkah kondisi bunga yang dijamin dalam yurisprudensi dan hukum Iran?Kata kunci: Kondisi Keuntungan Terjamin, Yurisprudensi, Hukum Iran, MudarabahАннотацияКонтракты на практические инвестиции заключаются в двух формах - прямых и посредственных. У этих двух инвестиционных методов есть различия, и условия гарантированного процента для них также отличаются. В первом методе, который представляет интерес прямых инвестиций, владелец капитала также является инвестиционным агентом, и только заинтересованные инвесторы определяются по положениям и условиям. В случае инвестиций, интерес гарантируется тем фактом, что получатель инвестиций стремится покупать продукты, произведенные по гарантированным ценам. Условия данной гарантии обеспечиваются с точки зрения исламского права и исламской юриспруденции, поскольку обязательство по покупке является необходимым условием. Но во второй форме, в отличие от первой, заинтересованность инвестора определяется  и гарантируется посредственным образом, а условия становятся все более привлекательными при осуществлении промышленной и производственной деятельности. Эта форма также считается законной и действительной как в исламском праве, так и в гражданском праве Ирана и практически основана на принципах обладания правом и статье 234 гражданского права Ирана. Итак, главный вопрос этого исследования состоит в том, насколько верны условия гарантированного интереса в иранской юриспруденции и Иранском праве.Ключевые слова: условия гарантированной прибыли, юриспруденция, иранское право, мудараба  


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Nader Ghanbari ◽  
Hassan Mohseni ◽  
Dawood Nassiran

Comparing the legal systems is a specific method in which due to its important function is considered as a separate branch in law. None of the branches in law can place its knowledge merely on ideas and findings within the national borders. Several basic objections have been given regarding the definition and purpose of comparative study in civil procedure. In addition there are specific problems regarding studying practically the similar systems in a legal system like differences in purpose, definition and concept. In different legal systems like civil law and common law systems in which there is a divergence, even the judicial system`s organs and judges` appointment and judicial formalism are different, which add to the problems of the comparative study. Reviewing these differences could lead to a better understanding of these legal systems and recognizing the common principles in making use of each other`s findings considering these differences and indicate the obstacles of comparative study in this regard.


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