MAGMATOLOGICAL TECTONICS: ALFRED RITTMANN’S PARADIGM

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-281
Author(s):  
DANIELE MUSUMECI ◽  
STEFANO BRANCA ◽  
LUIGI INGALISO
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Geodynamic Model ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Law ◽  
Scientific Worldview ◽  
Working Hypotheses

ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to present the life and research of Alfred Rittmann (1893–1980). He was an Earth scientist in the broadest sense: a petrographer, mineralogist, magmatologist, tectonist, geodynamicist, planetologist, volcanologist and, what is more, a philosopher of geosciences. He is considered the founder of contemporary, volcanology by combining in his interdisciplinary research the study of volcanic phenomena at the surface with tectonic activity and magmatology. In his books, Rittmann discussed the first correlations between volcanism and tectonics; his geodynamic model comprises complex studies of geology, volcanology, magmatology and geodynamics. We propose to name his scientific worldview ‘Magmatological Tectonics’ (MT) and to describe it as a Kuhnian paradigm. The leading concept of all geological processes is the fundamental law. Rittmann also made abundant use of Chamberlin’s method, the method of multiple working hypotheses. Some brief interpretations will be proposed regarding the importance of Rittmann in the history of geosciences in the twentieth century and the emergence of some philosophical problems deriving from this research.

Murat Kamaletdinov and the struggle for acceptance of the thrust-nappe theory

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Iskhak M. Farkhutdinov ◽  
Rustem A. Ismagilov ◽  
Anvar M. Farkhutdinov ◽  
Leyla M. Farkhutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Geologic Processes

This article describes the confrontation between fixist and mobilistic ideas in the USSR in the twentieth century. The history of discovery of the Urals thrust-nappe structure and the creation of the thrust-nappe theory are outlined. The fundamentals of the thrust-nappe theory are considered. These fundamentals allow for the explanation of geological processes and phenomena from the standpoint of mobilism. The geologic processes of interest include orogenesis, folding, magmatism, metamorphism and the formation of mineral deposits such as oil, gas, metal ores, coal and others.

scholarly journals Academician V.I. Vernadsky about the originality of life in Space (To the 100th anniversary of his work “The Beginning and Eternity of Life”)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
O.Ya. Pylypchuk ◽  
◽  
О.H. Strelko ◽  
O.O. Pylypchuk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Scientific Worldview

V.I. Vernadsky’s work "The Beginning and Eternity of Life" (1922), as well as his other scientific works, made a significant contribution to the development of many branches of natural history. It fundamentally changed the scientific worldview of the twentieth century. This work determined the place of man and his scientific thought in the evolution of the biosphere, made it possible to take a fresh look at the surrounding nature as the environment of human existence. It posed many actual problems and outlined ways to solve them in the future. The combination of deep knowledge in various industries with the history of their development determined the formation of V. I. Vernadsky's views on science as a specific natural phenomenon inherent to the genus Homo sapiens. He considered the progress of science as the natural process of the development of human thought, aimed at the cognition of the laws of nature and the laws of its own development. V. I. Vernadsky has analyzed various mechanisms of the origin of life and came to the conclusion that life could be eternal and had no beginning. He emphasizes two geologically most important points: firstly, the planetary, geologically regular nature of life; secondly, the close connection of all geological processes in the biosphere with the activity of living matter. Consequently, the understanding of life as a planetary phenomenon led V. I. Vernadsky to an understanding of the direct dependence of the existence of the biosphere on the conditions caused by geological processes.

The Surface of Venus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Ivanov ◽  
J.W. Head
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Impact Craters ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Tectonic Deformation ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Tectonic Regime ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
History Of

This chapter reviews the conditions under which the basic landforms of Venus formed, interprets their nature, and analyzes their local, regional, and global age relationships. The strong greenhouse effect on Venus causes hyper-dry, almost stagnant near-surface environments. These conditions preclude water-driven, and suppress wind-related, geological processes; thus, the common Earth-like water-generated geological record of sedimentary materials does not currently form on Venus. Three geological processes are important on the planet: volcanism, tectonics, and impact cratering. The small number of impact craters on Venus (~1,000) indicates that their contribution to resurfacing is minor. Volcanism and tectonics are the principal geological processes operating on Venus during its observable geologic history. Landforms of the volcanic and tectonic nature have specific morphologies, which indicate different modes of formation, and their relationships permit one to establish their relative ages. Analysis of these relationships at the global scale reveals that three distinct regimes of resurfacing comprise the observable geologic history of Venus: (1) the global tectonic regime, (2) the global volcanic regime, and (3) the network rifting-volcanism regime. During the earlier global tectonic regime, tectonic resurfacing dominated. Tectonic deformation at this time caused formation of strongly tectonized terrains such as tessera, and deformational belts. Exposures of these units comprise ~20% of the surface of Venus. The apparent beginning of the global tectonic regime is related to the formation of tessera, which is among the oldest units on Venus. The age relationships among the tessera structures indicate that this terrain is the result of crustal shortening. During the global volcanic regime, volcanism overwhelmed tectonic activity and caused formation of vast volcanic plains that compose ~60% of the surface of Venus. The plains show a clear stratigraphic sequence from older shield plains to younger regional plains. The distinctly different morphologies of the plains indicate different volcanic formation styles ranging from eruption through broadly distributed local sources of shield plains to the volcanic flooding of regional plains. The density of impact craters on units of the tectonic and volcanic regimes suggests that these regimes characterized about the first one-third of the visible geologic history of Venus. During this time, ~80%–85% of the surface of the planet was renovated. The network rifting-volcanism regime characterized the last two-thirds of the visible geologic history of Venus. The major components of the regime include broadly synchronous lobate plains and rift zones. Although the network rifting-volcanism regime characterized ~2/3 of the visible geologic history of Venus, only 15%–20% of the surface was resurfaced during this time. This means that the level of endogenous activity during this time has dropped by about an order of magnitude compared with the earlier regimes.

Physical and Intellectual Issues

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora P. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Classical Archaeology ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Social Expression ◽  
Physical Setting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Government

The issues associated with this study are both physical and intellectual, as are the factors in urban development. The correlation of known data from inscriptions (epigraphy), literary references (ancient history and more recent government and church documents), evidence from destroyed and rebuilt buildings (archaeology), and modern scientific and technical findings (several kinds of engineering and subfields of geology such as seismology and sedimentology) can give a more complete picture of each city’s development than does one kind of information alone. Most of the necessary site-specific studies, however, have not been done. Our problem parallels the study of global warming, where precise records of weather events have been kept for less than 200 years. Urban elements must be studied by experts in that building type and in social expression. Ramparts need more study by historians of warfare, theaters by scholars of drama and literature, stadia by those who study the history of sports, plumbing by hydraulic, civil, and fluids engineers, and temples by historians of comparative religion. Insights into institutional and political aspects of ancient studies and the historiography of all the disciplines involved in ancient studies would be both useful and fascinating (Kardulias 1994). The benefits and difficulties of interdisciplinary research are clearer now to us than when we started. In considering the physical setting and geological processes in the Mediterranean area, is description sufficient or should scholars strive for explanation, even if this involves theory building? “In much of art history and classical archaeology traditional practices have continued without explicit theoretical support” (McNally 1985; but cf. Preziosi 1989). The theorists of archaeology and urban history desire comprehensive and precise theories—even in the absence of enough data to make that possible. Some data may be rescued by followers of one discipline after being ignored or thrown out by followers of another. The awareness of theoretical difficulty is part of the increase in consciousness typical of the second half of the twentieth century when we began to question the nature of both knowledge and culture.

scholarly journals „TRZECIA KULTURA” W DOBIE POSTHUMANIZMU I TRANSHUMANIZMU

2018 ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Grażyna Gajewska
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Third Culture ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
History Of

Since the mid-twentieth century, there has been a discussion in the academy about “two cultures”: humanities and sciences and the so-called third culture. In this article I outline the history of this debate. I also present new trends in contemporary humanistic reflection: posthumanism and transhumanism, which are based on interdisciplinary research. I am also describing the projects and the output of several currents of contemporary art: robotic art, bio art and bio-robotic art.

Hard Objects in George Oppen's Discrete Series

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-517
Author(s):  
Ned Hercock
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Discrete Series ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
John Ruskin ◽  
Gerard Manley Hopkins ◽  
Marcel Duchamp ◽  
The World ◽  
Production History ◽  
History Of

This essay examines the objects in George Oppen's Discrete Series (1934). It considers their primary property to be their hardness – many of them have distinctively uniform and impenetrable surfaces. This hardness and uniformity is contrasted with 19th century organicism (Gerard Manley Hopkins and John Ruskin). Taking my cue from Kirsten Blythe Painter I show how in their work with hard objects these poems participate within a wider cultural and philosophical turn towards hardness in the early twentieth century (Marcel Duchamp, Adolf Loos, Ludwig Wittgenstein and others). I describe the thinking these poems do with regard to industrialization and to human experience of a resolutely object world – I argue that the presentation of these objects bears witness to the production history of the type of objects which in this era are becoming preponderant in parts of the world. Finally, I suggest that the objects’ impenetrability offers a kind of anti-aesthetic relief: perception without conception. If ‘philosophy recognizes the Concept in everything’ it is still possible, these poems show, to experience resistance to this imperious process of conceptualization. Within thinking objects (poems) these are objects which do not think.

Review: Urban Latino Cultures: La Vida Latina en LA by Gustavo Leclerc, Raúl Villa, and Michael J. Dear (eds.)

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-128
Author(s):  
Catherine S. Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crime Wave ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The City ◽  
History Of Los Angeles

Throughout the twentieth century (and now the twenty-first), the specter of a Latina/o past, present, and future has haunted the myth of Los Angeles as a sunny, bucolic paradise. At the same time it has loomed behind narratives of the city as a dystopic, urban nightmare. In the 1940s Carey McWilliams pointed to the fabrication of a “Spanish fantasy heritage” that made Los Angeles the bygone home of fair señoritas, genteel caballeros and benevolent mission padres. Meanwhile, the dominant Angeleno press invented a “zoot” (read Mexican-American) crime wave. Unlike the aristocratic, European Californias/os of lore, the Mexican/American “gangsters” of the 1940s were described as racial mongrels. What's more, the newspapers explicitly identified them as the sons and daughters of immigrants-thus eliding any link they may have had to the Californias/os of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries or to the history of Los Angeles in general.

Queering Musical Biography in the Writings of Edward Prime-Stevenson and Rosa Newmarch

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-118
Author(s):  
Kristin M. Franseen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Benjamin Britten ◽  
Twentieth Century Music ◽  
History Of ◽  
Music Research ◽  
Symphonic Music ◽  
Biographical Knowledge

Beginning with the “open secret” of Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears's relationship and continuing through debates over Handel's and Schubert's sexuality and analyses of Ethel Smyth's memoirs, biography has played a central role in the development of queer musicology. At the same time, life-writing's focus on extramusical details and engagement with difficult-to-substantiate anecdotes and rumors often seem suspect to scholars. In the case of early-twentieth-century music research, however, these very gaps and ambiguities paradoxically offered some authors and readers at the time rare spaces for approaching questions of sexuality in music. Issues of subjectivity in instrumental music aligned well with rumors about autobiographical confession within Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique) for those who knew how to listen and read between the lines. This article considers the different ways in which the framing of biographical anecdotes and gossip in scholarship by music critic-turned-amateur sexologist Edward Prime-Stevenson and Tchaikovsky scholar Rosa Newmarch allowed for queer readings of symphonic music. It evaluates Prime-Stevenson's discussions of musical biography and interpretation in The Intersexes (1908/9) and Newmarch's Tchaikovsky: His Life and Works (1900), translation of Modest Tchaikovsky's biography, and article on the composer in Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians to explore how they addressed potentially taboo topics, engaged with formal and informal sources of biographical knowledge (including one another's work), and found their scholarly voices in the absence of academic frameworks for addressing gender and sexuality. While their overt goals were quite different—Newmarch sought to dismiss “sensationalist” rumors about Tchaikovsky's death for a broad readership, while Prime-Stevenson used queer musical gossip as a primary source in his self-published history of homosexuality—both grappled with questions of what can and cannot be read into a composer's life and works and how to relate to possible queer meanings in symphonic music. The very aspects of biography that place it in a precarious position as scholarship ultimately reveal a great deal about the history of musicology and those who write it.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document