scholarly journals Specificity of Cognitive Bias in Recognition of Emotions in the Face in Old Age

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-79
Author(s):  
A.I. Melehin ◽  
E.A. Sergienko
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
The Face ◽  
Recognition Of Emotions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cognitive Shift

The article shows that in comparison with people aged 55-60 years in the groups of 61-74 and 75-90 years there are symptoms of age-specific socio-cognitive deficits in the recognition of emotions: changes in response time to emotional stimulus in the direction of slowdown; difficulties in fine differentiation of emotions of joy and sadness; the effect of high emotional intensity for a more accurate definition of emotions; cognitive shift in attention and interpretation of socio-emotional information. At a later age, there is a combined cognitive bias in the recognition of emotions in the face. More dominated bya positive shift. Unlike people 75-90 years in groups 55-60 and 61-74 years better recognize emotions of fear and sadness, than 75-90 years. It is more difficult to recognize anger at a later age. The lack of definition of neutral emotional expressions, which is accompanied by the phenomenon of depressive displacement, is described. General and age-specific predictors of recognition and differentiation of emotions in the face at a later age are identified.

scholarly journals Dogs recognize dog and human emotions

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20150883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Albuquerque ◽  
Kun Guo ◽  
Anna Wilkinson ◽  
Carine Savalli ◽  
Emma Otta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level

The perception of emotional expressions allows animals to evaluate the social intentions and motivations of each other. This usually takes place within species; however, in the case of domestic dogs, it might be advantageous to recognize the emotions of humans as well as other dogs. In this sense, the combination of visual and auditory cues to categorize others' emotions facilitates the information processing and indicates high-level cognitive representations. Using a cross-modal preferential looking paradigm, we presented dogs with either human or dog faces with different emotional valences (happy/playful versus angry/aggressive) paired with a single vocalization from the same individual with either a positive or negative valence or Brownian noise. Dogs looked significantly longer at the face whose expression was congruent to the valence of vocalization, for both conspecifics and heterospecifics, an ability previously known only in humans. These results demonstrate that dogs can extract and integrate bimodal sensory emotional information, and discriminate between positive and negative emotions from both humans and dogs.

Resolution and measurement in the scanning electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 534-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Postek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Instrument Resolution ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The term ultimate resolution or resolving power is the very best performance that can be obtained from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) given the optimum instrumental conditions and sample. However, as it relates to SEM users, the conventional definitions of this figure are ambiguous. The numbers quoted for the resolution of an instrument are not only theoretically derived, but are also verified through the direct measurement of images on micrographs. However, the samples commonly used for this purpose are specifically optimized for the measurement of instrument resolution and are most often not typical of the sample used in practical applications.SEM RESOLUTION. Some instruments resolve better than others either due to engineering design or other reasons. There is no definitively accurate definition of how to quantify instrument resolution and its measurement in the SEM.

Dasein, personeidad, intersubjetividad y persona-núcleo. El sujeto relacional después de Heidegger, en Zubiri, Apel y Polo. Dasein, Personhood, Inter-subjectivity and Nucleus-Person. The Relational Subject after Heidegger, in Zubiri, Apel and Polo

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ortiz de Landázuri
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Strategies ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Being There ◽  
Definition Of

Heidegger, Zubiri, Apel y Polo habrían propuesto una definición más correcta de las respectivas nociones de sujeto relacional humano, a saber: “Dasein” o “ser-ahí”; “personeidad” o “esencia abierta”; “intersubjetividad” o “la llamada por parte de los entes a diversos interlocutores”; y, finalmente, “persona-núcleo” o “agente mediador entre los entes y el ser”. Se pretendía así evitar una vuelta a las paradojas del “sujeto transcendental” en Kant, del “yo absoluto” en Hegel o del “sujeto fenomenológico” en Husserl. Sin embargo en cada caso se siguieron estrategias heurísticas específicamente distintas a la hora de conceptualizar dicho sujeto relacional: Heidegger propuso una superación de la noción de “sujeto fenomenológico” en Husserl; Zubiri, en cambio, defendería una recuperación de la noción de “sujeto fenomenológico” en Husserl; por su parte, Apel propondría una reformulación semióticamente transformada del “Dasein” heideggeriano; finalmente, Polo propondría una reformulación gnoseológica de la noción de “Dasein” heideggeriano.Heidegger, Zubiri, Apel, and Polo have proposed a more accurate definition of the respective notions of human relational subject: “Dasein” or “being-there”; “Personhood” or “open essence”; “inter-subjectivity” or “entities’ appeal to diverse interlocutors”; and, finally, “nucleus-person” or “mediator between entities and being”. The aim is to avoid a return to Kant’s transcendental subject paradoxes and Hegel’s “absolute I” or Husserl´s “fenomenological subject”. But in each case specifically different heuristic strategies were followed when conceptualizing said relational subject: Heidegger proposed overcoming the notion of “phenomenological subject” in Husserl; Zubiri, however, defend the recovery of the notion of “phenomenological subject” in Husserl; meanwhile, Apel propose a transformed semiotically reformulation of Heidegger’s “Dasein”; finally, Polo propose a reformulation of the epistemological notion of Heidegger’s “Dasein”.

scholarly journals Advancing UK Regulatory Science Strategy in the Context of Global Regulation: a Stakeholder Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Cruz Rivera ◽  
Barbara Torlinska ◽  
Eliot Marston ◽  
Alastair K. Denniston ◽  
Kathy Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Regulatory Science ◽  
International Strategy ◽  
Free Text ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Healthcare Innovation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Abstract Background The UK’s transition from the European Union creates both an urgent need and key opportunity for the UK and its global collaborators to consider new approaches to the regulation of emerging technologies, underpinned by regulatory science. This survey aimed to identify the most accurate definition of regulatory science, to define strategic areas of the regulation of healthcare innovation which can be informed through regulatory science and to explore the training and infrastructure needed to advance UK and international regulatory science. Methods A survey was distributed to UK healthcare professionals, academics, patients, health technology assessment agencies, ethicists and trade associations, as well as international regulators, pharmaceutical companies and small or medium enterprises which have expertise in regulatory science and in developing or applying regulation in healthcare. Subsequently, a descriptive quantitative analyses of survey results and directed thematic analysis of free-text comments were applied. Results Priority areas for UK regulatory science identified by 145 participants included the following: flexibility: the capability of regulations to adapt to novel products and target patient outcomes; co-development: collaboration across sectors, e.g. patients, manufacturers, regulators, and educators working together to develop appropriate training for novel product deployment; responsiveness: the preparation of frameworks which enable timely innovation required by emerging events; speed: the rate at which new products can reach the market; reimbursement: developing effective tools to track and evaluate outcomes for “pay for performance” products; and education and professional development. Conclusions The UK has a time-critical opportunity to establish its national and international strategy for regulatory science leadership by harnessing broader academic input, developing strategic cross-sector collaborations, incorporating patients’ experiences and perspectives, and investing in a skilled workforce.

scholarly journals Charged With a Crime: The Neuronal Signature of Processing Negatively Evaluated Faces Under Different Attentional Conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762199666
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Maximilian Bruchmann ◽  
Claudia Krasowski ◽  
Robert Moeck ◽  
Thomas Straube
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Information Studies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Emotional Knowledge ◽  
Late Stages

Our brains rapidly respond to human faces and can differentiate between many identities, retrieving rich semantic emotional-knowledge information. Studies provide a mixed picture of how such information affects event-related potentials (ERPs). We systematically examined the effect of feature-based attention on ERP modulations to briefly presented faces of individuals associated with a crime. The tasks required participants ( N = 40 adults) to discriminate the orientation of lines overlaid onto the face, the age of the face, or emotional information associated with the face. Negative faces amplified the N170 ERP component during all tasks, whereas the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP) components were increased only when the emotional information was attended to. These findings suggest that during early configural analyses (N170), evaluative information potentiates face processing regardless of feature-based attention. During intermediate, only partially resource-dependent, processing stages (EPN) and late stages of elaborate stimulus processing (LPP), attention to the acquired emotional information is necessary for amplified processing of negatively evaluated faces.

scholarly journals Dogs can infer implicit information from human emotional expressions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Albuquerque ◽  
Daniel S. Mills ◽  
Kun Guo ◽  
Anna Wilkinson ◽  
Briseida Resende
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Implicit Information ◽  
Emotional Display ◽  
Affective Information ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
Current Behaviour

AbstractThe ability to infer emotional states and their wider consequences requires the establishment of relationships between the emotional display and subsequent actions. These abilities, together with the use of emotional information from others in social decision making, are cognitively demanding and require inferential skills that extend beyond the immediate perception of the current behaviour of another individual. They may include predictions of the significance of the emotional states being expressed. These abilities were previously believed to be exclusive to primates. In this study, we presented adult domestic dogs with a social interaction between two unfamiliar people, which could be positive, negative or neutral. After passively witnessing the actors engaging silently with each other and with the environment, dogs were given the opportunity to approach a food resource that varied in accessibility. We found that the available emotional information was more relevant than the motivation of the actors (i.e. giving something or receiving something) in predicting the dogs’ responses. Thus, dogs were able to access implicit information from the actors’ emotional states and appropriately use the affective information to make context-dependent decisions. The findings demonstrate that a non-human animal can actively acquire information from emotional expressions, infer some form of emotional state and use this functionally to make decisions.

Cervical cytologic abnormalities and negative colposcopy: histologic assessment

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chenoy ◽  
S. Manohar ◽  
C. W.E. Redman ◽  
D. M. Luesley
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
Histologic Diagnosis ◽  
Abnormal Cervical Cytology ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Cone Biopsy ◽  
Histologic Evaluation ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cytologic Abnormalities ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesions

Colposcopic assessment may be normal in the presence of severe or persistent minor cytologic abnormality. To assess the significance of negative satisfactory colposcopy in patients with abnormal cervical smears, a retrospective review was carried out on 1170 patients who had undergone out-patient loop diathermy excision for abnormal cervical cytology. Of these, 69 patients were treated for abnormal cervical cytology, despite normal colposcopic findings. Cytologic abnormalities ranged from persistent borderline changes to severe dyskariosis. Histologic assessment of the excision specimens revealed cervical intraepithalial neoplasia (CIN) in 43 (62.3%) cases, of which high-grade CIN accounted for 24 (34.8%) cases. There was good correlation between cytologic and histologic diagnosis. Simple regression analysis showedr= 0.46,P< 0.0001. The cytologic abnormality was highly predictive of the corresponding histologic diagnosis. This analysis has shown that significant intraepithelial lesions may exist despite negative colposcopic examination and highlights the need for histologic evaluation in such cases. In these circumstances, loop cone biopsy permits accurate definition of lesion severity, avoids potential undertreatment of significant lesions and causes less morbidity than conventional cone biopsy.

Theism and Hypertheism

1943 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
John Laird
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Theists, I suppose, are persons who believe in “God's” existence. Atheists are persons who deny the same.Such statements may be suitable, and even adequate, for many proper purposes. In several contexts it is silly or malicious to interrogate them closely. Even in theology, which is, or should be, some kind of science, they may have, and they do have, their use and their propriety. For many theological purposes, however (and also for some others) they are far too vague. It may be wrong, no doubt, to tell a theologian that he must either produce an accurate definition of what he means by “God” or be forever shamed.

Role of magnetic resonance ventriculography in multiloculated hydrocephalus

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurpreet S. Gandhoke ◽  
Paolo Frassanito ◽  
Nagesh Chandra ◽  
Bal K. Ojha ◽  
Anoop Singh
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Endoscopic Treatment ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Third Ventriculostomy ◽  
Csf Flow ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Multiloculated Hydrocephalus ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Complex Cases

Object In this paper the authors' goal was to investigate the clinical usefulness of Gd-enhanced MR ventriculography (MRV) in pediatric patients affected by multiloculated hydrocephalus. Methods Eighteen patients (11 boys and 7 girls, age range 2–14 months) with a diagnosis of multiloculated hydrocephalus were included in the study. After injection of gadodiamide (0.02–0.04 mmol) into the lateral ventricle by tapping the anterior fontanel, sagittal, coronal, and axial T1-weighted MR images were acquired. The location of the septations and the sites of obstruction of CSF flow were assessed. Postoperative MRV was obtained to confirm the results of endoscopic treatment in most complex cases. Results No adverse events were observed after injection of contrast medium into the ventricular system. Preoperative MRV accurately defined the exact morphology of septae and ventricular walls in all cases. In 1 case the diagnosis of multiloculated hydrocephalus was ruled out. Sites of obstruction of CSF flow within the ventricular system were also well established. In 4 cases the multiple compartments were proven to intercommunicate. Postoperative MRV was useful in assessing the functional status of third ventriculostomy, aqueductoplasty, and other endoscopic fenestrations. Conclusions Magnetic resonance ventriculography is a safe, effective, and reliable technique. The accurate definition of the anatomy of the ventricles and the site of obstruction in multiloculated hydrocephalus can help to plan the most appropriate treatment and minimize the number of procedures. Although MRV is also useful during postoperative follow-up to determine the results of endoscopic treatment, it should be limited to particularly complex cases, due to its invasiveness.

Divorce: Consequences for Children

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 306-310
Author(s):  
Robert E. Emery ◽  
Mary Jo Coiro
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Divorce Consequences

An extensive body of research exists on the consequences of divorce for children. The conclusions of this research are captured by the concept of resilience, children's ability to "bounce back" in the face of stress. Most children from divorced families cannot be distinguished from children from married families on objective measures of psychological functioning, including assessments of conduct, depression, anxiety, and school performance. Nevertheless, it is clear that divorce often creates many dramatic stressors for children, including involvement in their parents' conflicts, decreased contact with one parent, strained relationships with the other parent, and economic problems. Coping with these substantial changes can tax children's emotional resources and may leave them with lingering feelings of hurt, resentment, and longing for a parental reconciliation. The concept of resilience highlights both children's ability to cope with change and some of the painful consequences of coping with unwanted changes in family life. Definition Despite its familiarity, several considerations should be noted about the definition of divorce. First, divorce is a developmental process that unfolds over time. Changes in family life typically begin long before the physical separation and continue long after the legal divorce. Second, because divorce reaches into many areas of people's lives, theorists often talk about the "legal divorce," the "emotional divorce," the "emotional divorce," the "economic divorce," and the "social divorce."

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