scholarly journals Features of the Interaction of Cognitive Functions with the Work of the Magnocellular and Parvocellular Systems in Patients with Schizophrenia and Endogenous Depression.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-117
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Mukhitova ◽  
E.R. Isaeva ◽  
I.A. Tregubenko ◽  
I.I. Shoshina ◽  
A.V. Khanko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Endogenous Depression ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Dynamic Component ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunctions ◽  
Incomplete Images ◽  
Neuronal Systems

The article presents a study devoted to the study of cognitive dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia and endogenous depression in their relationship with the functioning of the magnocellular and parvocellular systems. Mismatch in the work of neural systems leads to violations of the integrity of visual perception and to a violation of the selectivity of thinking in endogenous patients, which makes it difficult to assess and select meaningful, essential information in the formation of judgments. 60 patients with schizophrenia (43 (75%) male and 17 (25%) female; mean age ― 34.0±12.0 years) and 25 patients with endogenous depression (11 (44%) male and 14 (56%) female, mean age ― 38.0±13.6 years) with the use of psychophysiological (the method of visocontrastometry with an assessment of the contrast sensitivity of the visual system, the method of assessing the noise immunity of the visual system) and experimental psychological methods (Trial-Making test by Reitan, Memorizing 10 words, Poppelreiter's figures, Incomplete images, Excluding the 4th superfluous). The established features of cognitive dysfunctions in endogenous depression and schizophrenia are associated with the features of the functional state of the magnocellular and parvocellular neuronal systems and the nature of the interaction of these systems. The specificity of impairments in cognitive functions in patients with endogenous depression is due to changes in the dynamic component of cognitive activity, while the specificity of impairments in cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia is associated with changes in the selectivity of information and early sensory defects. The data obtained make it possible to develop an idea of the profiles of sensory-cognitive impairments in endogenous depression and schizophrenia, which is of particular importance for differential diagnosis.

scholarly journals Developmental Fractionation of Working Memory and Response Inhibition During Childhood

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Tsujimoto ◽  
Mariko Kuwajima ◽  
Toshiyuki Sawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Efficient Processing ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) plays a major role in both working memory (WM) and response inhibition (RI), which are fundamental for various cognitive abilities. We explored the relationship between these LPFC functions during childhood development by examining the performance of two groups of children in visuospatial and auditory WM tasks and a go/no-go RI task. In the younger children (59 5- and 6-year-olds), performance on the visuospatial WM task correlated significantly with that in the auditory WM task. Furthermore, accuracy in these tasks correlated significantly with performance on the RI task, particularly in the no-go trials. In contrast, there were no significant correlations among those tasks in older children (92 8- and 9-year-olds). These results suggest that functional neural systems for visuospatial WM, auditory WM, and RI, especially those in the LPFC, become fractionated during childhood, thereby enabling more efficient processing of these critical cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Using perceptual tasks to selectively measure magnocellular and parvocellular performance: Rationale and a user’s guide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Edwards ◽  
Stephanie C. Goodhew ◽  
David R. Badcock
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Parvocellular Pathway ◽  
Lesion Studies

AbstractThe visual system uses parallel pathways to process information. However, an ongoing debate centers on the extent to which the pathways from the retina, via the Lateral Geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex, process distinct aspects of the visual scene and, if they do, can stimuli in the laboratory be used to selectively drive them. These questions are important for a number of reasons, including that some pathologies are thought to be associated with impaired functioning of one of these pathways and certain cognitive functions have been preferentially linked to specific pathways. Here we examine the two main pathways that have been the focus of this debate: the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways. Specifically, we review the results of electrophysiological and lesion studies that have investigated their properties and conclude that while there is substantial overlap in the type of information that they process, it is possible to identify aspects of visual information that are predominantly processed by either the magnocellular or parvocellular pathway. We then discuss the types of visual stimuli that can be used to preferentially drive these pathways.

scholarly journals The Importance of Cognitive Phenotypes in Experimental Modeling of Animal Anxiety and Depression

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan V. Kalueff ◽  
Dennis L. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Experimental Modeling ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunctions ◽  
Pathogenetic Factor

Cognitive dysfunctions are commonly seen in many stress-related disorders, including anxiety and depression—the world's most common neuropsychiatric illnesses. Various genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral animal models have long been used to establish animal anxiety-like and depression-like phenotypes, as well as to assess their memory, learning, and other cognitive functions. Mounting clinical and animal evidences strongly supports the notion that disturbed cognitions represent an important pathogenetic factor in anxiety and depression, and may also play a role inintegratingthe two disorders within a common stress-precipitated developmental pathway. This paper evaluates why and how the assessment of cognitive and emotional domains may improve our understanding of animal behaviors via different high-throughput tests and enable a better translation of animal phenotypes into human brain disorders.

Contrast Sensitivity of the Visual System and Cognitive Functions in Schizophrenia and Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-527
Author(s):  
I. I. Shoshina ◽  
Yu. V. Mukhitova ◽  
I. A. Tregubenko ◽  
S. V. Pronin ◽  
E. R. Isaeva
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Cognitive Functions

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Cognitive Functions: Evidence for a Common Nature

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Andreou ◽  
Filippos Vlachos ◽  
Konstantinos Makanikas
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunctions ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Common Nature

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) show similar neurocognitive impairments. Effects are more apparent in severe cases, whereas in moderate and mild cases the effects are equivocal. The exact mechanism that causes cognitive dysfunctions in both diseases is still unknown and only suggestions have been made for each disease separately. The primary objective of this review is to present COPD and OSAS impact on cognitive functions. Secondly, it aims to examine the potential mechanisms by which COPD and OSAS can be linked and provide evidence for a common nature that affects cognitive functions in both diseases. Patients with COPD and OSAS compared to normal distribution show significant deficits in the cognitive abilities of attention, psychomotor speed, memory and learning, visuospatial and constructional abilities, executive skills, and language. The severity of these deficits in OSAS seems to correlate with the physiological events such as sleep defragmentation, apnea/hypopnea index, and hypoxemia, whereas cognitive impairments in COPD are associated with hypoventilation, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. These factors as well as vascocerebral diseases and changes in systemic hemodynamic seem to act in an intermingling and synergistic way on the cause of cognitive dysfunctions in both diseases. However, low blood oxygen pressure seems to be the dominant factor that contributes to the presence of cognitive deficits in both COPD and OSAS.

Evidence from Audition

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Visual Psychophysics ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
The World

The reason for using vision as an example in the previous three chapters is that more is known about the human visual system and visual psychophysics than about other neural systems. But this choice begs the question of whether other systems corroborate the evidence drawn from vision. Is the same empirical strategy used in other sensory systems to contend with the same problem (i.e., the inability of animals to measure the actual properties of the world)? Based on accumulated anatomical, physiological, and psychophysical information, audition is the best bet in addressing this question in another modality. This chapter examines whether the perception of sound can also be explained empirically as a way to deal with a world in which the physical parameters of sound sources can’t be apprehended.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document