scholarly journals Theory of mind and thinking development of preschool children

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
P.N. Ermakov ◽  
E.V. Vorobyeva ◽  
I.A. Kaidanovskaya ◽  
E.O. Strelnikova
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
High Degree

The paper is devoted to a comparative study of psychodiagnostic formation of theory of mind (using task of understanding false beliefs of other people) and the level of thought development of preschool children by Piaget. The study involved 56 children aged 3 to 5.5 years (27 boys and 29 girls). We used technique for the diagnosis of formation of theory of mind, and to assess the development of thinking in children. As a result, it was found that indicators of formation of theory of mind and indicators of development thinking by Piaget in the high degree of consistency. Children who understand the presence of the other person false beliefs, are also able to anticipate the results of the substantive action, to understand the laws of conservation of matter and are capable of thinking decentration.

scholarly journals Developmental evidence for enhanced theory of mind for competitive versus cooperative contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Tsoi ◽  
Kiley Hamlin ◽  
Adam Waytz ◽  
Andrew Scott Baron ◽  
Liane Young
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

There is a debate regarding the function of theory of mind (ToM), the capacity to infer, attribute, and reason about mental states. On the one hand are evolutionary and psychological work suggesting that ToM is greater for competition than cooperation. On the other hand are findings and theories promoting greater ToM for cooperation than competition. We investigate the question of whether ToM is greater for competition than cooperation or vice versa by examining the period of development during which explicit ToM comes online. In two studies, we examined preschool children’s abilities to explicitly express an understanding of false beliefs—a key marker of ToM—and ability to apply that understanding in first-person social interactions in competitive and cooperative contexts. Our findings reveal that preschool children are better at understanding false beliefs and applying that understanding in competitive contexts than in cooperative contexts.

scholarly journals Processing False Beliefs in Preschool Children and Adults: Developing a Set of Custom Tasks to Test the Theory of Mind in Neuroimaging and Behavioral Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Wysocka ◽  
Karolina Golec ◽  
Maciej Haman ◽  
Tomasz Wolak ◽  
Bartosz Kochański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Behavioral Research ◽  
False Beliefs

Theory of mind concepts in children's literature

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Wright Cassidy ◽  
Lorraine V. Ball ◽  
Mary T. Rourke ◽  
Rebecca Stetson Werner ◽  
Norah Feeny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
Internal State Language ◽  
State Language

ABSTRACTThis study examined whether books that are typically read to preschool children contain theory of mind concepts. The parents of 47 preschool children recorded books read by or to their child over a one-week period. The books were analyzed for theory of mind content. It was found that 78% of the books contained internal state language, 34% contained false beliefs, and 43% contained personality descriptors. Thus, theory of mind concepts appear to be an integral part of the literature read to preschool children. These results are discussed in light of recent work on individual differences in theory of mind development.

Comparative Study of Proactivators of the Fibrinolysin System in Three Mammalian Species

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 594-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Takada ◽  
A Takada ◽  
J. L Ambrus
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Plasminogen Activators ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rabbit Plasma ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Fibrin Plate

SummarySephadex gel filtration of human plasma gave results suggesting the presence of two proactivators of plasminogen, termed proactivators A and B.Activity resembling that of proactivator A was found in rabbit plasma, but not in guinea pig plasma.Plasminogen activators produced by the interaction of proactivator A of human plasma with streptokinase had no caseinolytic or TAMe esterolytic effect.Proactivator A can be separated in a form apparently free from plasminogen, as shown by the heated fibrin plate test and by immunological analysis. On the other hand, proactivator B concentrates prepared so far are contamined with plasminogen.Human proactivators appear to be far more susceptible to streptokinase than are rabbit proactivators.Inhibitors of the fibrinolysin system were observed in the plasmas of all 3 species. These inhibitors are not present in the euglobulin fraction of plasma. Sephadex fractionation of euglobulin fractions results in proactivator preparations that do not contain inhibitors.

Empire Loyalism and Nationalism in Ukraine and Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-106
Author(s):  
Taras Kuzio
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
History And Memory ◽  
Memory Politics ◽  
Irish History ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Post Colonialism

This is the first comparative article to investigate commonalities in Ukrainian and Irish history, identity, and politics. The article analyzes the broader Ukrainian and Irish experience with Russia/Soviet Union in the first and Britain in the second instance, as well as the regional similarities in conflicts in the Donbas region of Eastern Ukraine and the six of the nine counties of Ulster that are Northern Ireland. The similarity in the Ukrainian and Irish experiences of treatment under Russian/Soviet and British rule is starker when we take into account the large differences in the sizes of their territories, populations, and economies. The five factors that are used for this comparative study include post-colonialism and the “Other,” religion, history and memory politics, language and identities, and attitudes toward Europe.

Liturgical Poetry in the Late Antique Near East

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ophir Münz-Manor
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Near East ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Biblical Poetry ◽  
Contemporary View ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
The One

The article presents a contemporary view of the study of piyyut, demonstrating that Jewish poetry of late antiquity (in Hebrew and Aramaic) was closely related to Christian liturgical poetry (both Syriac and Greek) and Samaritan liturgy. These relations were expressed primarily by common poetic and prosodic characteristics, derived on the one hand from ancient Semitic poetry (mainly biblical poetry), and on the other from innovations of the period. The significant connections of content between the different genres of poetry reveal the importance of comparative study. Thus the poetry composed in late antiquity provides additional evidence for the lively cultural dialogue that took place at that time.

C-Terminal amino acid sequence of chicken pepsinogen and its homology with sequences of other acid proteases

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1144-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Baudyš ◽  
Helena Keilová ◽  
Vladimír Kostka
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Terminal Sequence ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
Terminal Amino Acid ◽  
Tryptic Peptides ◽  
Terminal Amino ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Terminal Amino Acid Sequence

To determine the primary structure of the C-terminal part of the molecule of chicken pepsinogen the tryptic, chymotryptic and thermolytic digest of the protein were investigated and peptides derived from this region were sought. These peptides permitted the following 21-residue C-terminal sequence to be determined: ...Ile-Arg-Glu-Tyr-Tyr-Val-Ile-Phe-Asp-Arg-Ala-Asn-Asn-Lys-Val-Gly-Leu-Ser-Pro-Leu-Ser.COOH. A comparison of this structure with the C-terminal sequential regions of the other acid proteases shows a high degree of homology between chicken pepsinogen and these proteases (e.g., the degree of homology with respect to hog pepsinogen and calf prochymosin is about 66%). Additional tryptic peptides, derived from the N-terminal part of the zymogen molecule whose amino acid sequence has been reported before, were also obtained in this study. This sequence was extended by two residues using an overlapping peptide. An ancillary result of this study was the isolation of tryptic peptides derived from other regions of the zymogen molecule.

Formation of contracts for the international sale of goods under Korean law and the CISG

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-223
Author(s):  
Byung Mun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Sale Of Goods ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
International Sales ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the rules on the formation of contracts under Korean law and the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) in a comparative way and introduce the relevant proposed rules under the Amendment Draft of the Korean Civil Code (KCC). In addition, it attempts to compare and evaluate them in light of the discipline of comparative law. Design/methodology/approach In order to achieve the purposes of the study, it executes a comparative study of the rules as to the formation of contracts of the CISG, Korean law and the Amendment Draft of the KCC. The basic question for this comparative study is placed on whether a solution from one jurisdiction is more logical than the others and to what extent each jurisdiction has responded to protect the reasonable expectations of the parties in the rules as to the formation of contracts. Findings The comparative study finds that most of the rules under the CISG are quite plausible and logical and they are more or less well reflected in the proposals advanced by the KCC amendment committee. On the other hand, the other rules under the CISG which have brought criticisms in terms of their complexity and inconsistent case law invite us their revision or consistent interpretation. The drawbacks of the CISG have also been well responded in the Amendment Draft of the KCC. Nevertheless, it is quite unfortunate that the Amendment Draft of the KCC still has a rule that regards any purported performance with non-material alteration of the terms of an offer as an acceptance. Originality/value This study may provide legal and practical advice to both the seller and the buyer when they enter into a contract for international sales of goods. In addition, it may render us an insight into newly developed or developing rules in this area and show us how they interact with each other. Furthermore, it may be particularly useful in Korea where there is an ongoing discussion for revision of the KCC.

scholarly journals Involvement of loop 5 lysine residues and the N-terminal β-hairpin of the ribotoxin hirsutellin A on its insecticidal activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 397 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Olombrada ◽  
Lucía García-Ortega ◽  
Javier Lacadena ◽  
Mercedes Oñaderra ◽  
José G. Gavilanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Ribonucleolytic Activity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Hirsutella Thompsonii ◽  
Close Spatial Proximity ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Ribotoxins are cytotoxic members of the family of fungal extracellular ribonucleases best represented by RNase T1. They share a high degree of sequence identity and a common structural fold, including the geometric arrangement of their active sites. However, ribotoxins are larger, with a well-defined N-terminal β-hairpin, and display longer and positively charged unstructured loops. These structural differences account for their cytotoxic properties. Unexpectedly, the discovery of hirsutellin A (HtA), a ribotoxin produced by the invertebrate pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii, showed how it was possible to accommodate these features into a shorter amino acid sequence. Examination of HtA N-terminal β-hairpin reveals differences in terms of length, charge, and spatial distribution. Consequently, four different HtA mutants were prepared and characterized. One of them was the result of deleting this hairpin [Δ(8-15)] while the other three affected single Lys residues in its close spatial proximity (K115E, K118E, and K123E). The results obtained support the general conclusion that HtA active site would show a high degree of plasticity, being able to accommodate electrostatic and structural changes not suitable for the other previously known larger ribotoxins, as the variants described here only presented small differences in terms of ribonucleolytic activity and cytotoxicity against cultured insect cells.

Methylene. III. Gas phase reactions with 1-chloropropane

1969 ◽  
Vol 312 (1509) ◽  
pp. 141-161 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chlorine Substituent ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Singlet Methylene

The work described in this and the following paper is a continuation of that in parts I and II, devoted to elucidation of the mechanism of the reactions of methylene with chloroalkanes, with particular reference to the reactivities of singlet and triplet methylene in abstraction and insertion processes. The products of the reaction between methylene, prepared by the photolysis of ketene, and 1-chloropropane have been identified and estimated and their dependence on reactant pressures, photolysing wavelength and presence of foreign gases (oxygen and carbon mon­oxide) has been investigated. Both insertion and abstraction mechanisms contribute significantly to the over-all reaction, insertion being relatively much more important than with chloroethane. This type of process appears to be confined to singlet methylene. If, as seems likely, there is no insertion into C—Cl bonds under our conditions (see part IV), insertion into C2—H and C3—H bonds occurs in statistical ratio, approximately. On the other hand, the chlorine substituent reduces the probability of insertion into C—H bonds in its vicinity. As in the chloroethane system, both species of methylene show a high degree of selectivity in their abstraction reactions. We find that k S Cl / k S H >7.7, k T Cl / k T H < 0.14, where the k ’s are rate constants for abstraction, and the super- and subscripts indicate the species of methylene and the type of atom abstracted, respectively. Triplet methylene is discriminating in hydrogen abstraction from 1-C 3 H 7 Cl, the overall rates for atoms attached to C1, C2, C3 being in the ratios 2.63:1:0.

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