scholarly journals EVALUATION OF HEARTROT CAUSED PHELLINUS PINI AND RELATED YIELD LOSS IN PINUS SYLVESTRIS STANDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Ziedonis Miklašēvičs
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Made In

Tree wounds are the starting points that may lead to heartwood discoloration and decay caused by invading micro-organisms such as heartrot caused Phellinus pini. Phellinus pini most frequently occurs on douglas–fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce trees (Picea abies). According to investigations made in this area, infection by Phellinus pini entries through felling scars or broken tops when Phellinus pini fruiting bodies (conks) on other trees are realising airbone spores. When spores land on a freshly wounded stem, the infection process starts. Internal decay is often difficult to detect because only Phellinus pini conks indicate its presence. In most cases the number of conks doesn’t exceed one-two pieces on the surface of inficied Pinus sylvestris stems. When wood poles for power lines are harvested in length from 10 to 16m in wood felling areas where the average height of Pinus sylvestris trees is more than 27m, the local distribution of heartrot doesn’t exceed for more than 1.5m above and below each conk, the conk is located in the middle part of the pole length, the speeed of pruning exceeds 4m/sek, the hight level of risk exists that the damaged with heart rot wood pole will be accepted as appropriate to quality requirements toward heartrot because after pruning the presence of conk would be vanished but the top and butt surfaces of pole’s won’t indicate heartrot. The evidence of heartrot will be checked only in the technological process of debarking before impregnation when Phellinus pini conk place indicates. The purpose of this study is to predict the influence of Phellinus pini on Pinus sylvestris stems and to provide operational and safety recommendations concerning the risky assessment and management of infected felling areas in harvest planning processes.

Calcified filaments - an example of biological influences in the formation of calcrete in South Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
SE Phillips ◽  
AR Milnes ◽  
RC Foster
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Carbonate Precipitation ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Detoxification Mechanism ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Micro Organisms

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies of calcareous soils and calcretes from South Australia reveal a fossilized community of soil micro-organisms dominated by filamentous structures preserved in fine detail by calcite. In the various calcrete lithological facies, the filaments form dense mats within channels and voids, and also occur within the matrix where they are intimately associated with micrite. The calcite forming the filaments has a variety of crystal habits: the nature of the microcrystals is specific to each filament but varies significantly between adjacent filaments. In the calcareous soils there are various stages between the primary filaments and the calcite encrusted structures characteristic of the calcretes, suggesting that in vivo biochemical processes dominate the mechanisms of calcification. This hypothesis is supported by the specificity of the habit of calcite microcrystals on each filament. It is suggested that the organisms deposit calcite microcrystals within the mucilaginous sheath or in the cell wall (or both) as a detoxification mechanism in response to their highly calcareous environment. Based on the identification of structures resembling fruiting bodies, at least some of the filaments appear to have been fungal hyphae, which are known to be responsible for stabilizing macroaggregates in soils. Calcified filaments may produce permanently stabilized macroaggregates which provide the locus for further carbonate precipitation, leading to eventual induration of the soil.

2 The Evolution of the Law of Weaponry

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boothby William H
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Cluster Munitions ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Law ◽  
Made In

Chapter 2 explains how from its roots in the middle part of the nineteenth century, weapons law has developed during the ensuing one hundred and sixty years into the more comprehensive but still incomplete body of law we have today. The evolution of early treaties such as the St Petersburg Declaration of 1868, certain Regulations and Declarations made in The Hague in 1899 and 1907, and the Geneva Gas protocol of 1925 is explained by reference to the authoritative writings of contemporary experts and jurists. The significance of those early writings in inspiring the development of core principles that lie at the heart of this body of law is noted. The picture that emerges is of a body of law that responds, sometimes belatedly, to battlefield events. The emergence of more modern law in the form, for example, of arms control treaties addressing chemical weapons, biological weapons, anti-personnel landmines and cluster munitions is charted.

scholarly journals Feeding behavior of the cirratulid Cirriformia filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1825) (Annelida: Polychaeta)

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Pardo ◽  
A. C. Z. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Shaped Tube ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Made In

Observations of the feeding behavior of Cirriformia filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1825) (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the intertidal zone of São Francisco and Engenho D'água beaches (São Sebastião, State of São Paulo) were made in the laboratory. This species, like other cirratulids, is a deposit feeder, feeding mainly on sediment surface with the aid of its grooved and ciliated palps, which are used to capture food particles. The worm lies just beneath the substrate surface in a J-shaped tube. When feeding, it extends up to 4 palps over the sediment surface, capturing food particles which pass down the groove of each palp directly to the mouth. Only fine sand grains are ingested. The worm frequently extends 4 branchial filaments into the overlying water for aeration. When it moves with the prostomium sideways, it collects and transports sand grains that pass backwards along its ventral region until reaching the middle part of its body. Next, the parapodia and palps move the sand grains to the dorsal posterior end of the animal, covering this area with sand. Some sand grains are also ingested as the worm moves.

scholarly journals A Ringed Non-Uniform Network: How to Raise its Efficiency

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Survilo
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Quality ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Phase Voltage ◽  
Closed Loops ◽  
Circulating Current ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Made In ◽  
Supply Reliability

A Ringed Non-Uniform Network: How to Raise its Efficiency As distinct from radial electric power lines, in closed loops the consumers are fed from two sides. This is advantageous from the viewpoint of supply reliability, power quality and its losses; however, these are the least only when a loop is uniform, which is not always met in practice. In a non-uniform loop a circulating current flows, and the losses increase proportionally to its square. To reduce losses in such a non-uniform loop, the circulating current should be eliminated. For this purpose a booster transformer can be used. The voltage of such a transformer is known to be in quadrature to the phase voltage; the present consideration has shown that such orientation of the opposing voltage gives the best results only when all loads in the loop are active, otherwise the angle of opposing voltage should be regulated. The voltage value should also be regulated depending on the load. Another technique consists in introducing a complementary reactance into the terminal branches. Such reactance should be regulated if loads are changing in time disproportionately with respect to each other. The best results are achieved when all loop node loads have the same cosφ. If the complementary reactance calculated at one end of the loop is positive, then that calculated at the second end of the loop will be negative, and vice versa. The appropriate choice can be made, in particular, involving both loop terminals.

Psalm 144: Hope of Davidic Welfare

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Part ◽  
Made In

AbstractPsalm 144 is a late, markedly 'anthological' text. On account of the use made in it of Psalm 33, vv. 12-15 can be assumed to be an integral part of the psalm; they are the 'new song' which is announced in v. 9. The deliverance from foreign rule, prayed for in the middle part of the psalm, is a condition for the welfare pictured in the final verses and linked with David in prophetic texts (see esp. Ez 34:23f.). In this deliverance the speaker, presumably of Davidic descent, credits himself with a central role.

scholarly journals DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE TRENDS OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE IRAKLION BASIN, CENTRAL CRETE

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 772 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Drinia ◽  
A. Antonarakou ◽  
N. Tsaparas
Keyword(s):  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Bottom Waters ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

Benthic foraminiferai fossil assemblages of the Roufas Section, southern Iraklion Basin, central Crete, were analyzed for the first time. Taxonomic and quantitative analyses were made in order to obtain paleoenvironmental (physical as well biological) information. A data set has been subjected to R- and Q-mode cluster analyses in order to demonstrate the linkage between taxa distribution and paleoenvironmental gradients. Our results suggest that oxygenation and trophic conditions of the near-surface sediments are the most important factors that control the community structure of the benthic foraminiferai fauna. The application of the oxygen transfer function - based on the use of benthic foraminiferai taxa from oxyphilic habitats - to the benthic faunas of the Roufas Section, allows the reconstruction of the oxygen contents of the bottom waters. Apart from the middle part of the section, no severe disturbances are recorded, pointing to the fact that we are dealing with an overall rather well ventilated water column during most of the part of the sequence.

STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: I. EFFECT OF AGE OF THE WHEAT PLANT UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOT AND ROOT ROT

1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Unsterilized Soil ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Made In

Studies were made to determine whether, in sterilized inoculated soil, Marquis wheat plants became more or less susceptible during the post-seedling stage to Ophiobolus graminis, Helminthosporium sativum, and Fusarium culmorum. While it was found that the plants in the seedling stage were more susceptible than at later stages, there was, with the technique used, no evidence that the plants become more or less susceptible during the post-seedling stage. The reasons for indefinite evidence on this important question are given. In sterilized soil, in open pot culture, inoculum of O. graminis was definitely more virulent when alone than when mixed singly or in combination with H. sativum, F. culmorum or Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides. The virulence of all pathogenes mentioned decreased progressively in sterilized soil, the greatest decrease taking place during the first 40 days, after which they were only slightly pathogenic and at the end of 120 days inoculum of O. graminis was impotent. The virulence of inoculum when added to unsterilized soil was greatly reduced in contrast with that in sterilized soil, and after 10 days it was practically at a minimum. These results emphasize the necessity of protecting inoculated sterilized soil against contamination by other micro-organisms in critical studies made in soil. They also throw light on the much recognized difficulty of producing foot rot in the field by prepared inoculum added to such soil.

Edwin Sherbon Hills, 31 August 1906 - 2 May 1986

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 289-323 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Attack ◽  
80Th Birthday ◽  
Average Height ◽  
The World ◽  
The University ◽  
High Sense ◽  
Very High ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

On the morning of 2 May 1986 Edwin Sherbon Hills set off from his home in Kew, Melbourne, farewelled at the gate by his wife, for the University of Melbourne. He died on the way, minutes later, alone, of a heart attack. On the previous day he had written helpful replies to letters from several geologists in connection with papers they were preparing for a symposium to honour him on his 80th birthday. Australia lost one of its most eminent scientists and most accomplished geologists, and his family their devoted husband and father. The manner of his passing seems to me to be characteristic, for he had a most independent spirit. He was of average height with an erect carriage, quick and deft and always neatly dressed; his hair was short and sandy, and he had a fresh complexion. Extremely independent and highly competent, he was bent on leading in his various chosen fields. He had the remarkable gift of proceeding straight to the heart of any problem, discarding irrelevancies and thinking in a well-organized way. As a geologist he was eclectic; he gave each branch of the science equal attention, saw how each was essential to the others, and invariably supported his arguments with evidence drawn from careful observations made in other branches. He strove relentlessly for perfection in his logical analyses of observations, then adhered to his formed opinion until he could convince himself that a different view was closer to the truth. He had a very high sense of duty. Born in 1906, his generation had tacit acceptance of Britain as the world leader; it was only in 1968 that he paid his first short visit to the U.S.A.

scholarly journals Gestural coordination at prosodic boundaries and its role for prosodic structure and speech planning processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1658) ◽  
pp. 20130397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Krivokapić
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prosodic Boundaries ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Speech Planning ◽  
Prosodic Boundary ◽  
Important Progress ◽  
Made In

Prosodic structure is a grammatical component that serves multiple functions in the production, comprehension and acquisition of language. Prosodic boundaries are critical for the understanding of the nature of the prosodic structure of language, and important progress has been made in the past decades in illuminating their properties. We first review recent prosodic boundary research from the point of view of gestural coordination. We then go on to tie in this work to questions of speech planning and manual and head movement. We conclude with an outline of a new direction of research which is needed for a full understanding of prosodic boundaries and their role in the speech production process.

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