scholarly journals Comparative study of crimes of deliberate non-payment of wages in the Criminal Codes of China and Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
Kai Xu
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive

The phenomenon of malicious non-payment of wages is widespread in all countries of the world, maybe it is especially serious in China, it has attracted a lot of attention from the Party (CPC) and the Chinese government. Under conditions when the solution of this issue through civil and administrative methods is not very effective, the Chinese legislative bodies, under the leadership of offi cials, fi nally decided to use the intimidating power of criminal punishment to solve this problem, which has tormented the government for many years.Article 41 “Amendments to the Criminal Code (8) of the People’s Republic of China” states: After article 276 of the Criminal Law, an article is added as one of the articles 276: Evasion of payment of wages to workers by transferring property, escape, etc. Or those who are able to pay, but do not pay wages to employees in the case when the amount is relatively large, and the relevant government departments order the payment of wages, but still cannot pay, are punished with imprisonment for up to 3 years or arrest, and additionally or as an independent punishment — a fi ne; Persons who have committed the same violations that have entailed serious consequences are punished with imprisonment for a term of 3 to 7 years and additionally with a fi ne. If the crime mentioned in the fi rst part of this article was committed by an organization, a fi ne is applied to the organization, and the directly responsible heads of the organization and other directly responsible persons are punished in accordance with the fi rst part of this article. The acts provided for in the fi rst and second parts of this article, which did not entail serious consequences, in which the employee’s salary for work is paid before the charge is brought and appropriate compensation is accepted in accordance with the law, then the punishment may be commuted or released. Article 276 of the Criminal Code provides for the crime of causing harm to production and economy, which belongs to this chapter crime against property (Chapter 5 of the special part of the Criminal Code). Therefore, the crime of malicious non-payment of wages is a crime against the property of citizens (employees).Due to the fact that the Chinese Constitution does not provide that citizens have the right to receive remuneration, only the Labor Legislation states: that Workers have the right to equal employment and choice of profession, the right to receive wages for work ... In view of this, that from the point of view of legal relations, based on both the Labor Law and the Law on the Employment Contract, the effect of non-payment of wages only occurred between the employee and the employer. According to the employment contract, disputes arising when, after the employee has fulfi lled the contract, but the employer does not pay him wages in accordance with the contract.The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for crimes of non-payment of wages, pensions, scholarships, allowances and other necessary payments in chapter 19 “crimes against the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen” of section VII “Crimes against the person”. Bringing together the above, the rights to pay for work, receive state pensions and social benefi ts, etc., protected by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, are constitutional rights. And also, they are specifi ed in Article 2 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation a person, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is the duty of the state, specifi ed in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.In China, when criminalizing the action of non-payment of wages, the most fundamental issue that needs to be resolved is to have a basis of justice, that is, to introduce "income from labor" into the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, which provides for the basic rights of a citizen. At the same time, it is necessary to amend the chapter related to “crimes against the rights of the individual and the democratic rights of citizens in the Criminal Code,” and to amend the “crime against constitutional rights,” as well as the chapter includes “crimes of non-payment of wages, scholarships, pensions and benefi ts”, but should not be included in chapter 5 “crime against property”.As a result, a comparison of the criminal code between the two countries China and Russia on the crime of malicious non-payment of wages shows that there are contradictions and problems in Chinese legislation, and the political signifi cance of the legislation far exceeds the legal signifi cance, which will directly affect its application in judicial practice.

scholarly journals The prosecutor’s office on the defense human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
T. I. Otcheskaya
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right

The article is devoted to topical issues of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms by an important state body — the prosecutor’s offi ce in two states — the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. The author investigated the issue of the formation of prosecutorial supervision in the European space in the mechanism of statehood on the example of the Russian Federation and in the Asian space on the example of the People’s Republic of China.At the same time, the approaches of the two states to the protection of human rights at the constitutional level, which are regulated by the Constitution of the PRC and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, have been studied. The achievements of the Russian prosecutor’s offi ce in protecting human and civil rights and freedoms, which are the responsibility of the state, including on issues of observance of the labor rights of citizens, the right of citizens to protect life and health, are consecrated.The state program of action in the fi eld of human rights adopted by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China has also been studied in detail. Achievements in the social sphere are shown, which are provided not only by the state, but also by the prosecutor’s offi ce. The approaches of legal science in the two states are consecrated not only in the regulation of human and civil rights and freedoms, but also in their provision.Based on the material studied, the author concluded that it is possible to use the positive experience of Russia and China, mutually in both states, in order to ensure the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in each of them.

scholarly journals Leniency programmesfor cartel: mature reforms

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
K. N. Aleshin ◽  
S. V. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

The problems of interpretation of criminal law and administrative law institutes of active repentance (“leniency programmes”) in relation to cartels are considered.The definition of the effectiveness of the institution of active repentance is given as the ability of this institution to achieve the goals stipulated by law (in the aggregate or in a particular combination): 1) termination of the committed offense (crime) (“surrender”),2) assistance in investigating the relevant administrative offense (crime), 3) compensation for the harm caused by his offense (crime), 4) refusal to commit such offenses (crimes) in the future.The condition of the quadunity of these goals is investigated. It is noted that among the main factors reducing the effectiveness of administrative law and criminal law institutions of active repentance (“leniency programmes”) in relation to a cartel is the legal inconsistency of these institutions.Proposals are being made to amend par. 3 of the Notes to Art. 178 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Note 1 to Art. 14.32 of the Code of the Russian Federation Code of Administrative Offenses iin order to bring together the relevant institutions of active repentance.The necessity of legislative consolidation of general procedural rules for the implementation of the person who participated in the conclusion of the cartel, the law granted him the right to active repentance is substantiated.

scholarly journals Violating the Confidentiality of Adoption: Problems of Implementing a Complex Law Mechanism in the Russian Federation

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-825
Author(s):  
Svetlana Kornakova ◽  
Elena Chigrina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right

The priority task of any democratic state is safeguarding the interests of children, including the right of every child to live in a family. Adoption of orphans or children deprived of parental care is becoming more and more common in present-day Russia, which makes the issue of legal regulation highly relevant. The article examines the problems of implementing a complex legal mechanism that regulates the protection of the confidentiality of adoption and imposes criminal liability for violating it. It should be acknowledged that there are diverse approaches to the problem of criminal law protection of the confidentiality of adoption. The authors analyze the views of different scholars on this problem. They present a critical analysis of the viewpoint that the norm imposing liability for such a violation should be abolished and prove the social importance of preserving the confidentiality. The authors also discuss the problem areas of criminal law characteristics of crimes connected with violating the confidentiality of adoption and conduct a comprehensive research of this issue. The analysis of current legislation shows that it includes a sufficient number of norms safeguarding the confidentiality of adoption. At the same time, this legal institute includes some specific norms that need improvement, require editing or amending, which, according to the authors, stops them from performing their preventive functions. The article contains concrete recommendations on improving current Russian legislation in this sphere, in particular, on improving the clauses of Art. 155 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes criminal liability in those cases where the confidentiality of adoption is violated. Besides, the authors examine the controversial issue of limiting the confidentiality of adoption because they believe that it is not lawful to deny a person who has reached majority the right guaranteed by the Constitution of the RF to learn information concerning him/herself, in this case, the right to know who their parents are. They suggest amending Art. 139 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, which will make it possible to fully guarantee the constitutional rights of citizens.

scholarly journals LEGAL ENTITIES AS THE MAIN PARTICIPANTS IN BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN RUSSIA AND CHINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 134-158
Author(s):  
O. Berzin ◽  
E. Shliagina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Entities

The legal entity is one of the most common forms of business activity in the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. The regulation of legal entities in Russia and China has changed in recent years, which makes the study of this issue especially relevant. This article explores and compares the concept of business activity, the system of legal entities and several types of particular legal entities in regard to companies found in Russia and China. The research concludes that the system of legal entities in the Russian Federation has an exhaustive regulation that facilitates the interpretation of the civil legislation and allows distinguishing the relevant characteristics of any type of organization. In China, there was no unified system of legal entities until 2017. While the General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China adopted in 2017 is a serious and important attempt to establish a system of legal entities, the law does not contain the essential characteristics of legal entities; additionally, a number of the provisions of the legal acts in force devoted to the regulation of the activities of legal entities have not yet been brought in line with the new law.

scholarly journals LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT: PRACTICE OF ELECTORAL LEGISLATION ENFORCEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-111
Author(s):  
Alexander Butakov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
City Council ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

The subject. The article presents a special study of the law enforcement practice of electoral legislation made by a court of various instances in the process of elections to the Omsk City Council of the sixth convocation held on September 10, 2017. The collision arises between the enforcement of federal and regional legislation is analyzed in the article.The purpose of the article is to find the ways of solving the conflict that arose during thr enforcement of federal and regional legislation regarding the verification procedure of voter’s signature.The methodology. The methods of analysis and synthesis are used. The focus of the scientific analysis concerns the courts decisions.The results, scope of application. In the Federal Law “On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in the Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation” of June 12, 2002, No. 67-FZ, the last paragraph of par. 8 of art. 37 fixes a set of issues established by the law of a sub-sovereign entity of the Russian Federation in holding the elections to a representative body of local self-government. In 2003, the regional law No. 456-OZ “On Elections to Local Self-Government Bodies of the Omsk Region” was passed, in which issues referred to the jurisdiction of the subject of the Russian Federation in the last paragraph of par. 8 of art. 37 of Federal Law No. 67, were not confirmed, especially with regard to the consolidation of the verification order of voters' signatures and grounds for recognition these signatures invalid, and (or) invalidated. At the same time, the Federal Law “On ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to elect and be elected to local self-government bodies” No. 138-FZ of November 26, 1996, which in par. 2 of art. 1 "registered" the mechanism of its application in case of unsettledness, even with regard to the right to elect and be elected to the bodies of local self-government by the law of that body.The nsettledness concerns the verification order of authenticity of voters' signatures in candidacy lists when nominating candidates for representative bodies of local self-government.Conclusion. The article considers the sequence of solving this problem by the courts of the first, appellate and cassation instances, as a result of which the essence of the collision does not find its material and procedural solution, still remaining a gap both in the legislation and in the activities of federal control and supervisory bodies.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGES IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF RUSSIA AND CHINA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 90-113
Author(s):  
S. Markuntsov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Distinguishing Features

This article explores and compares the changes in the criminal legislation of Russia and China. The author will first examine the history of the development of the criminal legislation of the two countries, identifying their common and distinguishing features in the process. The author will then compare the basic provisions and structure of the criminal codes of Russia and China as objects of comparative legal research. This article further analyzes the scale, direction and dynamics of changes in the provisions contained in the General and Special parts of the criminal codes of the two countries, in detail. It is concluded that the scale and speed of changes in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, is far greater compared to the changes in the Criminal Code of the People’s Republic of China, based on various indicators. The author gives general recommendations to the Russian legislator as far as the consideration of scientific developments goes.

scholarly journals Countering iatrogenic crimes: criminal law and criminal procedure issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Stanislav V. Rozenko ◽  
Elena O. Igonina
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Medical Law ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive

The article investigates problematic issues of criminal legal counteraction to iatrogenic crimes. Interpretation of industry regulations leads to the conclusion that in the process of procedural verification, the investigator does not have the right to receive information that constitutes a medical secret, which prevents the correct qualification of what was done. The qualification of iatrogenic crimes requires mandatory recourse to medical law. Opening the topic, we study the work of leading Russian specialists in the field of medicine and criminal law. The paper examines the problems of judicial and investigative practice on these criminal attacks. In the course of the study, the authors point to signs of medical errors and defects in the provision of medical care, which allow us to establish General circumstances that affect the exact qualification of the crime. It is proposed to fix in the Criminal code of the Russian Federation independent elements of crimes, that is, special provisions for medical workers, which will eliminate errors in qualification.

scholarly journals Prenuptial agreementin the law of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
V. V. Dolinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marriage Contract ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law

The family legislation of China and Russia is analyzed. The main characteristics and specifi cs of the marriage contract are revealed. Further ways of development of legal regulation of the considered group of family relations are offered.

Some questions connected with order of leaving of convicts to imprisonment in the penal system pre-trial detention center

2019 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Ольга Александровна Алфимова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Correctional Facility ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Detention Center ◽  
Detention Centers ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Correction System

В статье освещается правовая регламентация вопросов, связанных с условиями и порядком оставления осужденных к лишению свободы в следственных изоляторах уголовно-исполнительной системы. Решение об оставлении осужденного в СИЗО принимается администрацией СИЗО и оформляется приказом начальника. Приказ начальника СИЗО является, по сути, юридическим основанием для оставления осужденного для выполнения работ по хозяйственному обслуживанию и отбывания наказания в виде лишения свободы именно в данном учреждении, а не в том, которое назначил ему суд в обвинительном приговоре. Иными словами, можно сказать, что на сегодняшний день законом предусмотрен внесудебный порядок оставления осужденных в СИЗО для выполнения работ по хозяйственному обслуживанию. В связи с этим нельзя не согласиться с мнением некоторых специалистов, считающих, что такой порядок ставит в некую зависимость возможность отбывания наказания осужденными в СИЗО от воли администрации этого учреждения, а также предоставляет довольно широкий простор административному усмотрению. Вместе с тем, только суд наделен правом определять степень изоляции осужденных и режим отбывания наказания. Эти требования отражены в ст. 58 УК РФ. Это требование закона содержится и в п. 5 ст. 78 УИК РФ, однако в ситуации с оставлением в СИЗО складывается положение, когда решением его начальника, по сути, изменяется вступивший в силу приговор суда в части назначенного осужденному ранее вида ИУ. The legal regulation of the questions connected with conditions and order of leaving of convicts to imprisonment in pre-trial detention centers of penal correction system is covered in the present article. The decision on leaving of the convict in the pre-trial detention center is made by administration of the pre-trial detention center and made out by the order of the chief. The order of the chief of the pre-trial detention center is in fact a legislative basis for leaving of the convict for performance of work on economic service and serving sentence in the form of imprisonment in this establishment, but not in that which was appointed to it by court in a conviction. In other words it is possible to tell that today the law provided an extrajudicial order of leaving of convicts in the pre-trial detention center for performance of work on economic service. In this regard, it is necessary to agree with opinion of some authors considering that such order puts into certain dependence a possibility of serving sentence condemned in the pre-trial detention center from will of administration of this establishment and also provides enough “broad lands to an administrative discretion”. At the same time, only the court is given the right to define extent of isolation of convicts and the mode of serving sentence. These requirements are reflected in Art. 58 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. This requirement of the law contains also in Paragraph 5 of Art. 78 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, however in a situation with leaving in the pre-trial detention center there is situation when the decision of his chief, in fact, the court verdict which came into force regarding the appointed correctional facility condemned before a look changes.

Non-Participation in Compulsory Procedures of Dispute Settlement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Franckx ◽  
Marco Benatar
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
International Courts ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Joint Declaration ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
The Russian Federation

Erik Franckx and Marco Benatar consider the peculiar backlash in the form of states rejecting the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals (ICs). They discuss how the People’s Republic of China (PRC) rejected jurisdiction in the Philippines v PRC arbitration. The authors draw comparisons with how the Russian Federation rejected the jurisdiction of an arbitration panel in the Arctic Sunrise case. But both states participated in the peculiar form of forwarding ‘position papers’. This allows states new modes of influencing the bench without formally participating in the proceedings, argues Franckx and Benatar. This may tempt other states to apply a similar approach. For example, Croatia has presented its views to an arbitration panel in a dispute with Slovenia, despite its non-participation after irregularities by one of the arbitrators. The PRC and the Russian Federation have also issued a joint declaration encouraging non-participation in international legal proceedings.

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