scholarly journals On the issue of anatomical and pathological changes in the spinal cord under the influence of its compression

2020 ◽  
Vol V (2) ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
L. Dydynsky
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Spinal Cord Diseases ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mechanical Moment ◽  
The Brain

The study of spinal cord diseases due to its compression until the last day was a controversial issue. The first authors who studied it, namely Olivier and Louis, expressed the opinion that the suffering of the spinal cord in these cases is directly due to the mechanical moment of pressure. This opinion, however, was not held for long in the sciences. In its place, another appeared, which soon acquired the right of citizenship. Michaud, who worked under the leadership of Charcot, created an "inflammatory theory" according to which the changes found in the compressed spinal cord are nothing more than changes in the inflammatory nature, the source of these changes to inflammatory vertebral diseases is the substance of the brain.

scholarly journals On the casuistry of progressive paralysis (several cases with acute and prolonged course)

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
G. A. Dedov
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Serous Fluid ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Cortical Substance ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

28 / VII. The patient died at 6.30 am. Opening 28 / VII. Great emaciation; stiffness is poorly expressed; on the sacrum and on the right trochanter bedsores. The bones of the cranial vault are thickened, diple is almost absent. Dura mater is spliced ​​in some places with the inner surface of the vault and with the pia mater. The last one is thickened, cloudy (milky stripes), it is removed from the surface of the brain with great difficulty. Brain weight 1397.0; its substance is edematous; the cortical substance is anemic, atrophied; the lateral ventricles are dilated with a large amount of serous fluid. In the internal organs, except for the expansion of the lower lobes of both lungs, no pathological changes were noted.

Ultrasound neuroimaging as a technology for screening diagnostics of the central nervous system pathology in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Yu. P. VASILYEVA ◽  
◽  
N. V. SKRIPCHENKO ◽  
A. V. KLIMKIN ◽  
A. A. VILNITS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Prophylactic Examination ◽  
Primary Diagnostics ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Screening Diagnostics ◽  
The Brain

The article presents the results of analysis of 3466 examinations (2012–2018), obtained from screening of brain (neurosonography) and spinal cord (spinal ultrasonography) in children during an outpatient prophylactic examination (n = 593) and in the infectious hospital as a primary structural diagnostics of patients with a suspected infectious disease (n = 2873). In prophylactic screening, over a half of children (67%) demonstrated pathological changes in brain, of which 4,1% patients had symptomless course of structural deficit, which may cause unfavorable consequences. Spinal ultrasonography during an outpatient screening showed ultrasound symptoms of the spinal cord in 61% cases. When an infectious disease was suspected in the infectious hospital, neurosonography showed pathological changes in brain in 45% patients, and in 90% of cases the revealed disorders were not of infectious nature, but served as the ground for changing the therapeutic tactics, which determined the outcome of the main disease. The presented clinical cases substantiate the need for ultrasound screening of not only the brain but also the spinal cord at dispensarization of young children. The obtained results show the need to perform planned neurosonography at birth, at 1 and 3 months, at 1 year, further on indications stemming from previous examinations. Spinal ultrasonography should be performed to all children at the age of 1 month. The article also presents the experience of sonography screening in children with infectious diseases, which confirms the need to perform neurosonography during primary diagnostics in children of all ages with infectious diseases accompanied by general cerebral syndrome.

On the invasion of the central nervous system by nematodes I. The Incidence and pathological significance of nematodes in the central nervous system

Parasitology ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Cellular Infiltration ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

A wide variety of nematode species have been observed to invade the central nervous system. They may be located in the meningeal spaces or may penetrate into the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.The pathological changes resulting from invasion of the central nervous system are influenced by the route of entry, the size and the mobility of the parasite. They may be diffuse or focal and may include haemorrhage, degenerative changes, cellular infiltration and glial proliferation. Such changes may or may not be observed in close association with the parasite.Symptoms indicating involvement of the central nervous system have long been associated with nematode infections outside the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of these symptoms is obscure, but they may possibly be of allergic origin.The direct pathological effects on the central nervous system are mainly the result of trauma and are directly proportional to the size and activity of the parasite. The possibility that nematodes may transport viruses into the central nervous system is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Infarct of the Right Basal Ganglia in a Male Spinal Cord Injury Patient: Adverse Effect of Autonomic Dysreflexia

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subramanian Vaidyanathan ◽  
Bakul M. Soni ◽  
Gurpreet Singh ◽  
Peter L. Hughes ◽  
Kamesh Pulya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Autonomic Dysreflexia ◽  
Blocking Drug ◽  
Alpha Adrenoceptor ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Autonomic dysreflexia is a clinical emergency that occurs in individuals with spinal cord injury at level T-6 and above. We present a 58-year-old male patient with paraplegia who developed a severe, recurrent, throbbing headache during the night, which was relieved by emptying the urinary bladder by intermittent catheterisation. As this person continued to get episodes of severe headache for more than 6 months, computed tomography (CT) of the brain was performed. CT revealed an infarct measuring 1.2 cm in the right basal ganglia. In order to control involuntary detrusor contractions, the patient was prescribed propiverine hydrochloride 15 mg four times a day. The alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug doxazosin was used to reduce the severity of autonomic dysreflexia. Following 4 weeks of treatment with propiverine and doxazosin, the headache subsided completely. We learned from this case that bladder spasms in individuals with spinal cord injury can lead to severe, recurrent episodes of autonomic dysreflexia that, in turn, can predispose to vascular complications in the brain. Therefore, it is important to take appropriate steps to control bladder spasms and thereby prevent recurrent episodes of autonomic dysreflexia. Intermittent catheterisations along with an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug (doxazosin) and an antimuscarinic drug (propiverine hydrochloride) helped this individual to control autonomic dysreflexia, triggered by bladder spasms during the night.

The Physiological Mechanisms of 2 Hz Electroacupuncture: A Study Using Blink and H Reflex

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Liang Hsieh ◽  
Chin-Hsin Wu ◽  
Jaung-Geng Lin ◽  
Chuang-Chien Chiu ◽  
Mike Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Zusanli Acupoint ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Our previous studies have shown that the cerebral cortex modulates the physiological mechanisms of acupuncture. However, the role of the brain stem and spinal cord in acupuncture remains unclear. The present study investigated the action of the brain stem and spinal cord in acupuncture. A total of eight healthy adult volunteers were studied. Electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve in the supraorbital foramen was used to evoke the blink reflex. Electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve in the right popliteal fossa was used to evoke the H reflex. Electroacupuncture (EA) of 2 Hz was applied to the Zusanli acupoint in the right or left leg. The area of the R1 and R2 components of the blink reflex, and the greatest H/M ratio and H-M interval of the H reflex were measured before EA, during EA and at various post-EA periods. These data were analyzed quantitatively by a computerized electromyographic examination system. The results indicate that EA did not change the R1 and ipsilateral R2 components of the blink reflex. EA depressed the contralateral R2 component of the blink reflex 10 minutes and 40 minutes after the start of EA, but not after 5 minutes. EA applied to the Zusanli acupoint did not change the H/M ratio or the H-M interval of the H reflex. The results of this study indicate that 2 Hz EA of the Zusanli acupoint does not change the R1 component of the blink reflex, and the H/M ratio and the H-M interval of the H reflex, suggesting that 2 Hz EA does not change the monosynaptic reflex in the brain stem and spinal cord in humans. We also found that EA at 2-Hz depressed the contralateral but not the ipsilateral R2 component of the blink reflex, suggesting that longer pathways, perhaps including the cerebral cortex, may play a role in the physiological mechanisms responsible for the effectiveness of acupuncture.

Continuation of the paper on the relations between the nerves of motion and of sensation, and the brain; and more particularly on the structure of the medulla oblongata and of the spinal marrow

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 331-332
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
Spinal Marrow ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Auditory Nerves ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
External Coating

The author enters into a minute anatomical investigation of the structure of the spinal cord, and of its relations with the encephalon, and with the origins of the nerves. He finds that the spinal cord is constituted, in its whole length, by six pairs of columns, namely, two posterior, two lateral, and two anterior; each column being composed of concentric layers, and invested with an external coating of cineritious substance, and all the columns being divided from each other by deep sulci, which penetrate nearly to the centre of the cord. On tracing the posterior columns in their ascent towards the encephalon, they are seen to diverge laterally at the calamus scriptorius , or bottom of the fourth ventricle, and to proceed into the substance of the cerebellum. Each of these posterior columns is here found to consist of two portions, the outermost being the largest; and they now constitute the processus cerebelli ad medu oblongatam . This subdivision of the posterior columns may be traced throughout the whole length of the spinal cord. The lateral columns give origin to the posterior roots of the spinal nerves, and are therefore the parts subservient to sensation. In ascending towards the brain, each of these columns has a double termination; first, in the root of the fifth pair of cephalic nerves; and secondly, in the place where both columns unite into one round cord, and mutually decussate. Between the lateral and the anterior columns there is interposed a layer of cineritious matter, constituting a continuous stratum from the cauda equina to the roots of the auditory nerves. There is also a septum, dividing the right and left tracts subservient to sensation in the region of the fourth ventricle, and apparently terminating at the point of decussation of these tracts; but, in reality, separating to allow of this decussation, and joining the central portion of the cord, which connects the posterior with the anterior columns, and extends from the pons Varolii to the cauda equina .

scholarly journals A case of tumor-like inflammatory demyelinating disease with progressive brain and spinal cord involvement

2015 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhi Peng ◽  
Li Hong Hua ◽  
Sun Zhi Qiang ◽  
Wu Qiang
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Ivig Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

CONTEXT: Tumor-like inflammatory demyelinating disease (TIDD) usually occurs in the brain and rarely occurs in the spinal cord. TIDD appears to be very similar to tumors such as gliomas on imaging, which may lead to incorrect or delayed diagnosis and treatment. CASE REPORT: Because of headache and incoherent speech, a 24-year-old Chinese male presented to our hospital with a two-week history of respiratory infections. After dexamethasone treatment, his symptoms still got worse and surgery was performed for diagnostic purposes. Histological examination revealed that the lesion was inflammatory. Further lesions appeared in the spine (T3 and T4 levels) after two months and in the right occipital lobe after three months. After intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and methylprednisolone treatment, his symptoms improved. CONCLUSION: Progressive lesions may damage the brain and spinal cord, and long-term prednisolone and IVIG therapy are beneficial in TIDD patients.

scholarly journals Parkinson’s disease: Can we move in the right direction?

2012 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Shane Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

What do the worlds’ greatest athlete and a wonderfully creative actor have in common? They both suffer from Parkinson’s disease. Imagine losing the ability to control your own movements! This is not just a reality for Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox, as 2% of the world’s population over 65 suffer from this disease. Terrifyingly, the incidence of Parkinson’s disease is set to double in the next 20 years as people are living longer. In Parkinson’s disease, a very important population of brain cells, known as dopaminergic neurons, die. Let’s imagine these dopaminergic neurons as a tree, with the tree’s roots in the midbrain, located between the spinal cord and brain, and the tree’s branches in the brain. These branches produce dopamine, which allows us to control our movements. We can almost think of dopamine as the ‘fruit’ of this tree. These branches are killed in Parkinson’s disease, and the ...

Subacute Combined Degeneration of Unknown Origin with Extensive Involvement of the Brain

1941 ◽  
Vol 87 (366) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hemphill ◽  
E. Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Subacute Combined Degeneration ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Extensive Involvement ◽  
Typical Picture

The aetiology and pathology, as well as the clinical characteristics of those diseases of the nervous system in which the myelin sheaths and the axis cylinders are unsystematically affected, but the other elements of the nervous tissue spared, are as yet incompletely understood. Of these diseases, the group in which the changes of the nervous system are associated with anaemia and other dyscrasias of the haemopoietic system, generally classified as subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, is the most clearly defined. However, even in this group cases occur in which the characteristic degeneration of the spinal cord is not accompanied by gross pathological changes in the blood. There is still, therefore, much research required before these atypical cases can be brought into line with the general pathological conceptions of the subacute combined degeneration. Furthermore, the existence and character of pathological changes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system of cases with subacute combined degeneration, apart from the spinal cord, remain to be investigated more fully. The case which we have to report has various special features, the study of which should contribute in some degree to the elucidation of these complex problems. In this case, which presented the typical picture of a subacute combined degeneration without blood changes, there was an extensive affection of the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

The brain structure and neurosecretory cells of noctuid moth Anadevidia peponis: Noctuidae

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
M. Sato ◽  
Y. Ogawa ◽  
M. Sasaki ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Clock ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
The Right ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
The Brain

A virgin female of the noctuid moth, a kind of noctuidae that eats cucumis, etc. performs calling at a fixed time of each day, depending on the length of a day. The photoreceptors that induce this calling are located around the neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the central portion of the protocerebrum. Besides, it is considered that the female’s biological clock is located also in the cerebral lobe. In order to elucidate the calling and the function of the biological clock, it is necessary to clarify the basic structure of the brain. The observation results of 12 or 30 day-old noctuid moths showed that their brains are basically composed of an outer and an inner portion-neural lamella (about 2.5 μm) of collagen fibril and perineurium cells. Furthermore, nerve cells surround the cerebral lobes, in which NSCs, mushroom bodies, and central nerve cells, etc. are observed. The NSCs are large-sized (20 to 30 μm dia.) cells, which are located in the pons intercerebralis of the head section and at the rear of the mushroom body (two each on the right and left). Furthermore, the cells were classified into two types: one having many free ribosoms 15 to 20 nm in dia. and the other having granules 150 to 350 nm in dia. (Fig. 1).

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