Effect of interferon on the direction of polarization of the immune response to influenza in children

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Yekaterina Georgiyevna Golovacheva ◽  
Olga Ivanovna Afanasyeva ◽  
Lyudmila Viktorovna Osidak ◽  
Yelena Viktorovna Obraztsova ◽  
Lyubov Vasilyevna Voloshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Severe Intoxication ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Direction Of Polarization

In 1900 children of different ages and 690 adults with laboratory confirmed influenza in different epidemic seasons studied levels of interferons and interleukins 4 and 10 in the serum calculating the ratio of interleukin 4, 10 to interferon gamma. There are three type of immune response to influenza depending on the clinical course. It was shown that in flu with moderate intoxication in 66.3 % of cases in children and 72.0 % of adults marked polarization on Th1 type with increase level in serum and spontaneous interferon gamma in all age groups, in which the ratio of IL-4/IFN-g from 0.8 to 2, while in severe intoxication only 33.5 and 43.9 %, respectively. In children with bronchitis immune response Th2 type and mixed Th1/Th2 type were observed in 54.6 and 33.3 % of cases respectively, and only 12.1 % of Th1 type. With influenza, pneumonia is a complication, in 76 % of cases were determined humoral immune response by Th2 type when the ratio of IL-4/IFN-g and IL-10/ IFN-g is greater than 3, due to the increase of the content of interleukin 4 and 10, while significantly reducing levels of interferon gamma. In 23.7 % of cases observed Th1/Th2 mixed type of immune response with a ratio of 2 to 3. The obtained data allow us to determine the type of immune response to influenza infection and to predict the severity of the disease and the development of complications in children and adults, and also to determine the necessity of including in the therapy drugs of immunocorrection.

scholarly journals Generation and characterization of the humoral immune response to DNA immunization with a chimericβ-amyloid-interleukin-4 minigene

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 3232-3241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahit Ghochikyan ◽  
Vitaly Vasilevko ◽  
Irina Petrushina ◽  
Nina Movsesyan ◽  
Davit Babikyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Dna Immunization ◽  
Humoral Immune

scholarly journals Typically asymptomatic but with robust antibody formation: Childrens unique humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Renk ◽  
Alex Dulovic ◽  
Matthias Becker ◽  
Dorit Fabricius ◽  
Maria Zernickel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Antibody Assays

Background: Long-term persistence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, particularly the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimer, determines individual protection against infection and potentially viral spread. The quality of children's natural humoral immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection is yet incompletely understood but crucial to guide pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccination programs. Methods: In this prospective observational multi-center cohort study, we followed 328 households, consisting of 548 children and 717 adults, with at least one member with a previous laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The serological response was assessed at 3-4 months and 11-12 months after infection using a bead-based multiplex immunoassay for 23 human coronavirus antigens including SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants of Concern (VOC) and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs), and additionally by three commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Results: Overall, 33.76% of SARS-CoV-2 exposed children and 57.88% adults were seropositive. Children were five times more likely to have seroconverted without symptoms compared to adults. Despite the frequently asymptomatic course of infection, children had higher specific antibody levels, and their antibodies persisted longer than in adults (96.22% versus 82.89% still seropositive 11-12 months post infection). Of note, symptomatic and asymptomatic infections induced similar humoral responses in all age groups. In symptomatic children, only dysgeusia was found as diagnostic indicator of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred independent of HCoV serostatus. Antibody binding responses to VOCs were similar in children and adults, with reduced binding for the Beta variant in both groups. Conclusions: The long-term humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is robust and may provide long-term protection even after asymptomatic infection. (Study ID at German Clinical Trials Register: 00021521)

scholarly journals Robust and durable serological response following pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Renk ◽  
Alex Dulovic ◽  
Alina Seidel ◽  
Matthias Becker ◽  
Dorit Fabricius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Pseudotyped Virus ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Antibody Assays ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

AbstractThe quality and persistence of children’s humoral immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown but will be crucial to guide pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccination programs. Here, we examine 548 children and 717 adults within 328 households with at least one member with a previous laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We assess serological response at 3–4 months and 11–12 months after infection using a bead-based multiplex immunoassay for 23 human coronavirus antigens including SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants of Concern (VOC) and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs), and additionally by three commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Neutralization against wild type SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta VOC are analysed in a pseudotyped virus assay. Children, compared to adults, are five times more likely to be asymptomatic, and have higher specific antibody levels which persist longer (96.2% versus 82.9% still seropositive 11–12 months post infection). Of note, symptomatic and asymptomatic infections induce similar humoral responses in all age groups. SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs independent of HCoV serostatus. Neutralization responses of children and adults are similar, although neutralization is reduced for both against the Delta VOC. Overall, the long-term humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is of longer duration than in adults even after asymptomatic infection.

Experimental mixed infection ofLeishmania(Leishmania)amazonensisandLeishmania(L.)infantumin hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (9) ◽  
pp. 1191-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORDANNA LUÍZA DE LIMA CELESTE ◽  
ANA PAULA VENUTO MOURA ◽  
JOÃO CARLOS FRANÇA-SILVA ◽  
GABRIELA MATOS DE SOUSA ◽  
SORAIA OLIVEIRA SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
South America ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Masses

SUMMARYIn South America, visceral leishmaniasis is frequently caused byLeishmania infantumand, at an unknown frequency, byLeishmania amazonensis. Therefore, mixed infections with these organisms are possible. Mixed infections might affect the clinical course, immune response, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of the disease. Here we describe the clinical course of mixed infections withL. amazonensisandL. infantumin a hamster model. We show that mixed infections are associated with more severe clinical disease than infection withL. amazonensisorL. infantumalone. In spleens with mixed infections,L. infantumoutcompetedL. amazonensisin the tissue, but not in culture from tissue. We found increased levels of IgG in animals infected withL. infantum.Although more than 30 bands were revealed in a Western blot, the highest immunogenicity was observed with proteins having molecular masses of 95 and 90 kDa, whereas proteins with molecular masses of lower than 50 kDa were reactive frequently with serum from hamsters infected withL. amazonensis, and proteins with molecular masses of 80 and 70 kDa were reactive only with serum from hamsters infected withL. infantum. This finding has important implications regarding the biology ofLeishmaniaand humoral immune responses to infections with these organisms.

scholarly journals A Novel DNA Vaccine Coding For H5 and N1 Genes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Subtype

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 01-11
Author(s):  
Y. A. Soliman ◽  
MS Elnagar Eman ◽  
AN Gamal Maha ◽  
FF Zaki ◽  
MA Saad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
High Level

Control of avian influenza infection requires a good vaccine that could induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune response, specifically IFN-ɣ production, to maintain a high level of protection along with the minimal level of viral shedding after the infection to prevent secondary epidemics. In the current study, deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) vaccine coding for full-length H5 and N1 genes have been produced and evaluated in SPF-chicken. Humoral immune response estimated by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay revealed that the DNA vaccine gave a high titer of antibodies at the day 28-post vaccination and 14 days post-challenge. However, the shedding level was minimal with the DNA vaccine (0.1 Log 10 EID50). The IFN-ɣ transcript was upregulated at a higher level in the DNA vaccinated group. The results revealed that the DNA vaccine could induce a high level of humoral and IFN-ɣ level that maintains a high level of protection (92%) with the advantage of limiting the shedding level and thus, prevent secondary epidemics.

scholarly journals IL-4 and IL-13 induce Lsk, a Csk-like tyrosine kinase, in human monocytes.

1994 ◽  
Vol 180 (6) ◽  
pp. 2383-2388 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Musso ◽  
L Varesio ◽  
X Zhang ◽  
T K Rowe ◽  
P Ferrara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Src Kinase ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Protein Tyrosine

Lsk is a protein tyrosine kinase with homology to the COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk). Unlike Csk that is ubiquitously expressed, Lsk has limited tissue distribution. Here we have examined the expression and regulation of Lsk and Csk in peripheral human monocytes. We have found that Lsk mRNA and protein were not expressed in resting monocytes but were induced by treatment with interleukin 4 (IL-4) or IL-13 but not by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) or IL-2. In fact, IFN-gamma, but not IL-2, efficiently blocked Lsk induction by IL-4 or IL-13. In contrast, Csk was constitutively present in human monocytes and was upregulated by IFN-gamma but not by IL-4 or IL-13. These results suggest that despite their structural similarities, Lsk and Csk may play distinct regulatory roles in monocyte functions elicited by cytokines, with Lsk functioning specifically within the context of a Th2-type immune response.

scholarly journals Evaluation of BALB/c mice behavior and relations to the immune response after treatment with H3N2 homeopathic solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (36) ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
Camila Monteiro Siqueira ◽  
Leoni Bonamin ◽  
Priscila Motta ◽  
Thayná Cardoso ◽  
Michelle Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Viral Hemagglutinin ◽  
Field Device

In Brazil, homeopathic medicines are prepared according to the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia, regulated by ANVISA. Among several categories of medicines, there is the biotherapic group, which is prepared from etiologic agents. In this study, we developed a biotherapic from influenza A virus, aiming the influenza infection prevention. Influenza is a disease that affects thousands of people worldwide every year, with an important economic impact, what motivates the development of new low cost therapies. The H3N2 biotherapic developed in this study was administered to Balb/c mice to evaluate their immune response to viral specific antigens and behavior (homeopathic proving). Sixty-two 4 weeks old Balb/c mice were divided into five experimental groups (n=14 per group), after approval by the Ethics Committee of Animal Use (Protocol DFBCICB 037) and stimulated daily, blindly, with 1% (v/v) different homeopathic medicines, for a maximum period of 42 days. The tested medicines were: biotherapic 30x prepared from inactivated influenza A virus; biotherapic 30x prepared with infectious influenza A virus; and thymulin 5cH, a thymus hormone. The two control groups were treated with water 30x and nothing (baseline group). After 21 days of treatment, half of the animals from each group was challenged subcutaneously with the viral hemagglutinin antigen (7 mg / 200 mL) and monitored by 21 days further, to evaluate the humoral immune response and general behavior, using an open field device. The remaining animals were evaluated by the same behavioral tests at the end of the first 21 days, as an attempt to define the proving features. After euthanasia, all animals were autopsied and the spleen, lungs, heart and mediastine lymph nodes were weighed. Histometry of the spleen follicles was also made. Histopathological and behavioral analyses showed absence of behavioral effects, however, there was increase of spleen lymphoid follicles diameter in immunized animals treated with thymulin and with the biotherapic prepared from infectious influenza A, when compared to the control group. This experiment is being repeated using flow cytometry to complete the analysis and confirm the results.

scholarly journals Explaining rapid reinfections in multiple-wave influenza outbreaks: Tristan da Cunha 1971 epidemic as a case study

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1725) ◽  
pp. 3635-3643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Camacho ◽  
Sébastien Ballesteros ◽  
Andrea L. Graham ◽  
Fabrice Carrat ◽  
Oliver Ratmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Short Time Interval ◽  
Multiple Wave ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Tristan Da Cunha ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks

Influenza usually spreads through the human population in multiple-wave outbreaks. Successive reinfection of individuals over a short time interval has been explicitly reported during past pandemics. However, the causes of rapid reinfection and the role of reinfection in driving multiple-wave outbreaks remain poorly understood. To investigate these issues, we focus on a two-wave influenza A/H3N2 epidemic that occurred on the remote island of Tristan da Cunha in 1971. Over 59 days, 273 (96%) of 284 islanders experienced at least one attack and 92 (32%) experienced two attacks. We formulate six mathematical models invoking a variety of antigenic and immunological reinfection mechanisms. Using a maximum-likelihood analysis to confront model predictions with the reported incidence time series, we demonstrate that only two mechanisms can be retained: some hosts with either a delayed or deficient humoral immune response to the primary influenza infection were reinfected by the same strain, thus initiating the second epidemic wave. Both mechanisms are supported by previous empirical studies and may arise from a combination of genetic and ecological causes. We advocate that a better understanding and account of heterogeneity in the human immune response are essential to analysis of multiple-wave influenza outbreaks and pandemic planning.

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