Nine Major Earthquakes in the United States of the Ionian Islands, 1815–1864

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 3595-3611
Author(s):  
Paola Albini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Multiple Observations ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Seismic Records ◽  
Earthquake Effects

Abstract Nine major earthquakes that affected the islands of Corfu, Paxoi, Lefkada, Kephalonia, Ithaca, and Zakynthos in the Ionian Sea offshore western Greece at the time of British Protectorate of the United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864) have been reappraised by means of a systematic investigation of contemporary, locally produced documents of diverse typologies. With an in-depth study of the earthquakes attested by multiple observations, this article complements and concludes the research focused on 50 yr of seismic records that was introduced by my recent companion article on the solitary records of earthquake effects throughout the Ionian Islands. Although some earthquakes discussed in this article had already been studied and interpreted in modern times, the exclusive use of carefully contextualized and independent records of earthquake effects allowed the author to overcome the imprecisions of preceding interpretations. Because of the exhaustive documentation, this study proposes a different vision of the characteristics of these nine major earthquakes from their dates of occurrence to newly assigned sets of intensity data.

Documenting Earthquakes in the United States of the Ionian Islands, 1815–1864

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2554-2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Albini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Seismic Scenarios ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Earthquake Effects ◽  
High Level

Abstract The seven islands of Corfu, Paxoi, Kephalonia, Ithaca, Lefkada, Zakynthos, and Cythera (Ionian Sea, offshore western Greece) were a British protectorate with the name of “United States of the Ionian Islands” between 1815 and 1864. Although many earthquake studies have already examined the past seismicity of this area, they contain only a few data for a handful of earthquakes, for an area known to be characterized by a high level of seismicity. Against this fragmentary seismological knowledge stands a 50 yr abundant production of local documentary sources of different types and in diverse languages. For this reason and because most of the available sources had not been yet nor systematically looked into in the search for testimonies of earthquake effects, an ad hoc and comprehensive investigation was carried out. The number of records on earthquake effects is huge as well as unexpected, and the quality of the collected records is high. The 147 new macroseismic European Macroseismic Scale 1998 intensity values, accurately assigned on the basis of independent contemporary records only, are presented in the form of timelines of earthquake effects for the main towns of the four islands of Corfu, Kephalonia, Lefkada, and Zakynthos. Besides partially amending the gaps of the knowledge of these 50 yr of seismicity in the Ionian Islands, the great amount of freshly collected data suggests that historical seismological research may effectively contribute to improving the seismic scenarios of past earthquakes in many areas of the world.

Mismatched Liberation Theory: A Comparative Method to Explain Increasing Female Crime Share in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 155708512199321
Author(s):  
Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Female Crime ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Property Crimes ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Uniform Crime Reporting ◽  
Reporting Data

In this paper, I propose a new theory that ascribes the increasing female crime share to unequal emancipatory advancement between women’s ideological aspirations and institutional means in modern times. Accordingly, it is proposed that an incommensurate pace in progression inflicts gender-specific deprivation on women, which increases their share of crime. The theory is tested with Uniform Crime Reporting data from 1980 to 2017 across offense types. The findings indicate that mismatched liberation increases the female share of violent and property crimes, especially for adult cohorts and among samples after 1988 when women’s ends-means gap was found to be enlarged.

scholarly journals Ewolucja instytucji sędziów pokoju w Stanach Zjednoczonych

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ewa Gmurzyńska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Justices Of The Peace ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The U.S

<p class="Normalny1">This article presents a history and development of the institution of justices of the peace in the United States from the beginning of formation of American democracy until modern times. It presents jurisdiction, the scope of the activities and the role of justices of the peace in several states through different periods of times. It includes a thorough discussion concerning pros and cons of justices of the peace in the U.S. legal system and general tendency of declining the institution of justices of the peace in modern times. The article includes also a discussion of the major court decisions concerning justices of the peace.</p>

scholarly journals The right to medical care and its economic consequences: an American dilemma

1972 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-327
Author(s):  
José Duarte de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Right To Health Care ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Right

The concepts of "rights" and of "right to health care" including its evolution in modern times are discussed. The consequences of implementing this right are discussed in economic terms, regarding the situation in the United States of America. A discussion is also included on the limitations of the role of Health Insurance as a measure to solve the problem of providing health care for all individuals.

scholarly journals The Origins of Creationism in the Netherlands: The Evolution Debate among Twentieth-Century Dutch Neo-Calvinists

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham C. Flipse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The Netherlands is, besides the United States, one of the few countries where debates about creationism have been raging for decades. Strict creationism has become deeply rooted in traditional Reformed (Calvinist) circles, which is all the more remarkable as it stemmed from a very different culture and theological tradition. This essay analyses the historical implantation of this foreign element in Dutch soil by investigating the long-term interaction between American creationism and Dutch “neo-Calvinism,” a movement emerging in the late nineteenth century, which attempted to bring classical Calvinism into rapport with modern times. The heated debates about evolution in the interbellum period as well as in the sixties—periods characterized by a cultural reorientation of the Dutch Calvinists—turn out to have played a crucial role. In the interbellum period, leading Dutch theologians—fiercely challenged by Calvinist scientists—imported US “flood geology” in an attempt to stem the process of modernisation in the Calvinist subculture. In the sixties many Calvinists abandoned their resistance to evolutionary theory, but creationism continued to play a prominent role as the neo-Calvinist tradition was upheld by an orthodox minority, who (re-)embraced the reviving “Genesis Flood” creationism. The appropriation of American creationism was eased by the earlier Calvinist-creationist connection, but also by “inventing” a Calvinist-creationist tradition, suggesting continuity with the ideas of the founding fathers of neo-Calvinism. This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of what Ronald L. Numbers has recently called the “globalization” of the “science-and-religion dialogue.”

scholarly journals Comparing the Borich model with the Ranked Discrepancy Model for competency assessment: A novel approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-111
Author(s):  
Lendel Narine ◽  
Amy Harder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
Competency Assessment ◽  
Land Grant University ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Discrepancy Model ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
High Level

In 1980, Borich presented a new model that allowed errors in an individual’s judgment of self-proficiency to be offset by considering the perception of a group. The model relied upon the calculation of means for competency items measured with ordinal scales, an approach subject to debate in modern times. The purpose of our study was to explore the use of a novel approach we developed, the Ranked Discrepancy Model (RDM), as an alternative method to the Borich model for determining training needs. Data obtained from an online survey of extension professionals employed by a land-grant university in the United States was used to compare the training needs identified by applying the Borich model with those identified by applying the RDM. A very strong and statistically significant correlation existed between the scores derived from using both models, demonstrating a high level of consistency between models. Researchers conducting competency research should consider adopting the RDM given its suitability for delivering results that closely resemble findings from the Borich model while providing improved rigor in methods and increased detail about training needs.

scholarly journals Standard Measure

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (04) ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
Stan Jakuba
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Standard Measure ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
International Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern System ◽  
Single Convention ◽  
Physical Quantities

This article provides an understanding of a metric system and a standard that describes a universal, international language of measurement. Essentially, all units created in modern times are metric in every country of the world, including the United States. The evolution is coordinated by an international committee in which the United States has participated since 1875. The modern system of measurement is properly called SI, not metric. Individually, they measure such basic physical quantities as length, mass, or time. Alone or in combination, they let mankind measure anything. Many derived units can be expressed in more than one form, but professional use usually settles on a single convention. The degree Celsius is an alternate name for the Kelvin when a temperature increment is meant. It is also a name that designates a temperature on the Celsius scale. If each symbol is written according to the SI rules distinguishing between uppercase and lowercase letters, and between the Latin and Greek letters—it will be intelligible anywhere, regardless of the script and language a nation uses.

scholarly journals Environmental geology: Branch of geosciences or a marketing term?

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1101
Author(s):  
Α. ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΑΔΗΣ
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Geology ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Master Of Science ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Geological Sciences

Environmental Geology is considered to have been coined for the environmental sensitive market. It originated in the United States in the late 1960's to attract students to save the closure of University Geology Departments. After almost thirty years there are still questions about its viability as a stand alone branch of geological sciences, since by definition it encompasses all the specialised branches of engineering geology, economic geology, structural geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, geophysics, etc. The environmental geologist must, therefore, be a "super geologist", which is an impossibility by present day standards. University curricula in Environmental Geology still teach the basic geological subjects of geology degrees, since these serve as a strong foundation for courses in the environmental field. In the United States, students are required to take at least four elective courses in environmentally orientated earth science subjects during their first degree. Whereas in the United Kingdom a Master of Science course in environmental subjects is recommended as a follow-up to the first degree in Environmental Geology, again a misnomer for the degree in pure Geology. It is quite apparent that Universities jumped on the bandwagon of the environmental market, without serious thought into what they were embarking. They created a non-existent market orientated branch of geological sciences, Environmental Geology, and they subsequently realised that it is impossible to produce the "super student" and the "super geologist", for this is what is in fact demanded. It is strongly believed, that specialists in the different branches of geological sciences, because of their in depth study of the natural geological environment and its processes, have considerable knowledge and expertise to be applied in the solution of environmental problems. This must, therefore, be advertised by both Universities and State Geological Surveys, for advertising is a more powerful tool of getting the message across to the public and to policy-makers, rather than by making up new branches of science with no content.

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