scholarly journals Le tarif extérieur canadien et la protection de l’activité manufacturière québécoise : nouveaux résultats (1966-1977)

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Corbo ◽  
André Martens
Keyword(s):  
Substitution Effect ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
Output Structure ◽  
Protection Rate ◽  
Export Shares ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Using the 1966 and 1973 (74) Quebec input-output tables we try to identify the sources of variations in the effective protection rates of 169 manufacturing activities between these two periods, namely, changes in nominal tariffs, input-output structures and international export shares. Our results suggest that, between 1969 and 1974, there were a certain number of activities where entrepreneurs used relatively more of the intermediate inputs which had become cheaper (technical substitution effect). However, most of the changes in the effective protection rate values remain explained by changes in the external nominal tariff. The impact of changes in international export shares is itself negligible. Finally the study provides the effective protection rates of the 169 activities for 1977 (given the 1973-74) input-output structure.

Internationalization and failure risk patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Lukason ◽  
Tiia Vissak
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
European Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Failure Risk ◽  
Single European Market ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Universal Prediction ◽  
Export Shares ◽  
Target Markets

PurposeThis paper aims to find out what kind of export and failure risk patterns exist among young Estonian manufacturing exporters and explore their interlinkages.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consisted of 208 young Estonian manufacturing exporters. Based on internationalization literature, export patterns were detected with a consecutive three-stage clustering of export sales share from total sales, outside-Europe sales share from export sales and number of target markets, while failure risk patterns were detected by clustering failure probabilities obtained from a universal prediction model. The interconnection of export patterns with financial ratios and failure risk patterns was studied with statistical tests.FindingsSix main internationalization patterns existed. In all, 49 per cent of firms exported to a single European market and their export share was constantly very low, while even most of the firms with high export shares (39 per cent of the sample) were also active on one European market. In terms of failure risk patterns, 49 per cent of firms had constantly very low failure risk, while 51 per cent of firms had medium risk. Higher export engagement did not lead to better financial performance or lower failure risk.Originality/valueThis study is the first to find out if firms following different export patterns are also characterized by specific financial performance and failure risk. In addition, studies encompassing young exporters’ specific target markets and failure risk development are rare. While exporters’ and non-exporters’ financial performance differences have been frequently documented in favor of the former, this study found no such differences for different types of young exporters.

BEYOND CONVENTIONAL TRADE: TRADE OPENNESS IMPLICATIONS OF TRADE IN VALUE ADDED

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
HALIT YANIKKAYA ◽  
ABDULLAH ALTUN
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Panel Data Estimation ◽  
Export Shares ◽  
Value Added Measures ◽  
Data Estimation ◽  
Trade In Value Added

This study compares the impacts of gross trade openness measures with trade openness in value-added measures on economic growth for the years 1995–2014 by employing a dynamic panel data estimation. Our findings suggest that although gross trade shares promote growth, using value-added trade shares magnifies this positive effect. Compared with gross terms, estimates also imply that while exports in value-added terms have much larger growth effect, imports in value-added terms have no significant impact. We then evaluate the impacts of tariffs on growth in terms of gross trade and trade in value added separately. Although our results imply the negative growth effects of gross import tariffs, this negative impact disappears for tariffs in value-added terms. These results reaffirm that trade protectionism has potential to lower global growth through reducing exports because it is clear that export shares regardless of their measurements and disaggregation levels promote growth. Our results indicate that countries should support not only exports of final products but also exports of intermediates. However, given the necessity of imports for exports, our results do not lend any evidence to discourage overall imports.

scholarly journals Comparative advantage, economic structure and growth: The case of Senegal

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Sejkora ◽  
Ondrej Sankot
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Revealed Comparative Advantage ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Export Shares ◽  
Growing Economy

Background: Using a concept of revealed and latent comparative advantage, this article identifies relatively productive industries and industries with great potential in the slow-growing economy of Senegal. The identification of such industries allows for economic structure adjustment resulting in a higher gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate.Aim: The aim of the study is to identify Senegalese long-term revealed comparative advantages and to estimate Senegalese latent comparative advantages. The analysis is focused solely on manufacturing industries because industrialisation serves as an engine of growth in developing countries.Setting: The analysis is carried out on endowment structure and international trade data (1995–2015) of Senegal and appropriate comparator economies (Tanzania, Cambodia, Lao, Vietnam and Cape Verde).Methods: To identify revealed comparative advantages, we calculate the normalised revealed comparative advantage index. To estimate latent comparative advantages, we employ a growth identification and facilitation framework. The methodology is slightly modified because the estimation is based on long-term revealed comparative advantages comparisons (rather than export shares comparisons).Results: We argue that the relatively productive manufacturing industries (with revealed comparative advantage) include chemicals and manufactured goods classified chiefly by various materials. Furthermore, Senegal may have unexploited potential (i.e. latent comparative advantage) in footwear and particularly in apparel production.Conclusion: In order to accelerate GDP growth rate, Senegal should focus on developing the above mentioned industries to align its economic structure with the comparative advantages and also to promote industrialisation.

Do terms-of-trade effects matter for trade agreements? Theory and evidence from WTO Countries*

2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 1837-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney D. Ludema ◽  
Anna Maria Mayda
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
International Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Effects ◽  
Export Supply ◽  
Export Shares ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Using Data

Abstract International trade agreements are an important element of the world economic system, but questions remain as to their purpose. The terms-of-trade hypothesis posits that countries use tariffs in part to improve their terms of trade and that trade agreements cause them to internalize the costs that such terms-of-trade shifts impose on other countries. This article investigates whether the most-favored-nation (MFN) tariffs set by World Trade Organization (WTO) members in the Uruguay Round are consistent with the terms-of-trade hypothesis. We present a model of multilateral trade negotiations featuring endogenous participation that leads the resulting tariff schedules to display terms-of-trade effects. Specifically, the model predicts that the level of the importer’s tariff resulting from negotiations should be negatively related to the product of two terms: exporter concentration, as measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (sum of squared export shares), and the importer’s market power, as measured by the inverse elasticity of export supply, on a product-by-product basis. We test this hypothesis using data on tariffs, trade, and production across more than 30 WTO countries and find strong support. We estimate that the internalization of terms of trade effects through WTO negotiations has lowered the average tariff of these countries by 22% to 27% compared to its noncooperative level.

scholarly journals Aspects of the European natural gas market in the dynamic context of global energy resources

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Mihai Ioan Achim
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Natural Gas Market ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
Export Shares ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Market Fundamentals ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the structural changes of the European natural gas market through the lenses of the dynamic economic relations between European Union and its biggest energy supplier, Russia. The economic and political aspects are two essential dimensions to understand the measures taken by the EU in order to assure their security of supplies and at the same time to observe the Russian capacities to maximize their profits driven from its vast energy resources. Otherwise Russia is experiencing some difficulties in increasing its export shares on the European gas market, owing to several geopolitical challenges. Nevertheless, the relation between these two blocks could be defined as one of interdependence and symbiosis due to the evolution of the energy trade agreements. We attempt to identify those different market fundamentals and economic processes that have led to the mismatch between the crescent liberalisation in the EU gas sector and the Russian approach to energy market governance.

scholarly journals Porównanie udziału w eksporcie produktów spożywczych, napojów, tytoniu w Polsce i w wybranych krajach UE mierzonego wartością dodaną

2019 ◽  
Vol 19(34) (2) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Nacewska-Twardowska
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Export Shares ◽  
Economic Ties

The aim of the article is to indicate differences in counting the share of exports for individual branches of production, based on the data used for the calculation, on the example of food, beverages and tobacco. Statistics can measure exports in two ways: gross export and in terms of value added. In connection with the development of economic ties between countries and participation in global value chains, statistics presenting exports of domestic value added illustrate more precisely the importance of particular industries for the economies of different countries. Comparisons of export shares in traditional and value-added terms helps to show those branches whose importance is overestimated or underestimated in gross statistics.

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