Comparative analysis of the competitiveness of Beninese and Brazilian cotton exports in international trade from 2006 to 2018

This study aims to analyze the competitiveness and orientation of Brazilian and Beninese cotton exports in international trade from 2006 to 2018. The cotton category in this article refers to “neither carded nor combed” (HS: 5201). To measure competitiveness, we chose to calculate the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCAI) and Symmetric Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (SRCAI), proposed by Balassa (1965) and Laursen (1998) respectively. The Regional Orientation Index (ROI), proposed by Yeats (1997), of cotton for Asia and EU-28 is used. The data were collected from the International Trade Center (ITC) /Trade Map and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The results found indicate that the Brazilian’s and Beninese’s cotton has been increasing values and above the unit showing its competitiveness in the international market. In addition, Benin was more competitive than Brazil because it has, on average, a higher SRCAI than Brazil (0.99 and 0.7 respectively). Concerning the ROI, it was found that Brazilian and Beninese cotton exports are strongly directed towards Asia, the main consumer market for Beninese and Brazilian cotton. As for the EU-28, both Benin and Brazil do not direct their cotton sales to this economic block.

Pakistan’s Exports and Global Economy: Export Competitiveness and Efficiency of Toys and Games

The aim of this study is to examine the export performance and competitiveness of Pakistan's toy exports by using different indices of revealed comparative advantage. The data were looked at from the International Trade Centre (ITC) for Pakistan’s toys exports during 2004-2020. The results of this study show that Pakistan enjoyed a comparative advantage in exporting toys to the world market during 2004-2020, because the RCA index is greater than 1. The positive values of RSCA and LnRCA indicate that Pakistan had a CA in the concerned sector during 2004-2020. The study also observed that Pakistan had a competitive advantage by employing Vollrath index (RCA#). In addition, the revealed competitiveness index (RC) indicates that Pakistan experienced competitiveness in the toy export sector. The RMA index shows that Pakistan also enjoyed a comparative advantage in the imports of toys during 2004-2020. This means that Pakistan also imports these products from other economies of the world. The index of RTA describes that Pakistan had a net comparative advantage in this sector during analysis. TBI illustrates that Pakistan is the net-exporter in the toys and games sector in the global economy. Pakistan's toy manufacturers need to find new innovative and technologically advanced methods to stimulate domestic toy production and exports.

REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF WATERMELON TRADE IN ASEAN 5 COUNTRIES

Watermelon Citrullus Lanatus (Thunb) is an important commercial fruit crop in ASEAN. One way to improve economic growth is through trade and comparative advantage. There are very some researches regarding with comparative advantage of watermelon trade in ASEAN. The purpose of this article is to determine the comparative advantage of watermelon trade in five ASEAN member countries. This article uses secondary data only. Watermelon trade data covering the six years period 2014-2019 were obtained from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. This article applies the original index of the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) to find out the level of comparative advantage of watermelon commodity. Results show that Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Viet Nam have a comparative advantage of watermelon trade in the global market. This study suggests that ASEAN 5 member nations should try to maintain its comparative advantage of watermelon exports in the international market.

STRUKTUR PASAR DAN DAYA SAING KARET ALAM INDONESIA DI AMERIKA SERIKAT

Abstrak Karet alam Indonesia berperan penting dalam meningkatkan perekonomian nasional melalui ekspor karet alam ke berbagai negara, termasuk ke Amerika Serikat. Dalam upaya mengembangkan ekspor karet alamnya, Indonesia perlu melakukan kalkulasi posisi dan daya saing karet alam di antara negara-negara pesaing serta peluang pasarnya ke Amerika Serikat yang memiliki permintaan impor relatif tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis struktur pasar, serta keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif karet alam Indonesia di pasar Amerika Serikat. Analisis dilakukan selama periode tahun 2008-2019 menggunakan metode Herfindahl Index (HI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), dan Diamond’s Porter. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa struktur pasar karet alam Indonesia cenderung oligopoli. Dibandingkan dengan negara-negara eksportir lainnya, karet alam Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di pasar Amerika Serikat. Keunggulan kompetitif karet alam Indonesia di Amerika Serikat mengalami penurunan dari posisi lost opportunity pada periode pertama (2008-2011) menjadi retreat pada periode ketiga (2016-2019). Hasil dari Diamond’s Porter menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tujuh faktor keunggulan kompetitif dan tiga faktor kelemahan dalam industri karet alam di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Concentration Ratio, Diamond’s Porter, EPD, Herfindahl Index, RCA Abstract Indonesian natural rubber plays a significant role in improving the national economy through exports of natural rubber to various countries, including the United States. In an effort to develop its natural rubber exports, Indonesia needs to calculate the position and competitiveness of natural rubber among competing countries and its market opportunities to the United States, which has a relatively high import demand. The purpose of this study is to analyze the market structure, as well as the comparative and competitive advantages of Indonesian natural rubber in the United States market. The analysis was carried out during the period 2008-2019 using the methods Herfindahl Index (HI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), and Diamond's Porter. The results of the analysis show that the structure of the Indonesian natural rubber market tends to be an oligopoly. Compared to other exporting countries, Indonesian natural rubber has a comparative advantage in the United States market. The competitiveness of Indonesian natural rubber in the US decline over time from the lost opportunity position in the first period (2008-2011) to retreat in the third period (2016-2019). The Diamond's Porter results show that there are seven competitive advantage factors and three weakness factors in Indonesia's natural rubber industry. Keywords: Concentration Ratio, Diamond’s Porter, EPD, Herfindahl Index, RCA JEL Classification: F13, F15, F18

Export Competitiveness of Indonesian Coffee In Germany

Coffee has been one of the mainstay products for Indonesia's exports to Germany since the last time and the frequency continues to increase. This reflects that Germany's need for coffee continues to grow. This study aims to measure the position of Indonesia's coffee export competitiveness in Germany. The method used in this research are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Constant Market Share (CMS). The results showed that Indonesia's coffee exports were not competitive in Germany and had a downward trend. The export performance of Indonesian coffee in Germany also shows a downward trend in each period. Several things that need to be improved so that the competitiveness and performance of Indonesia's exports can increase is by disseminating information regarding the use of cultivation technology to increase the productivity of Indonesian coffee.

DEVELOPMENT OF ESTONIAN TRADE PATTERNS

This paper describes specialisation dynamics in Estonian export using revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and intra-industry trade (IIT) measures. We analyse the development of the distribution of comparative advantage using descriptive statistics and Galtonian regression. Intra-industry trade dynamic is analyzed using a marginal approach. We generally observe a stable specialization structure of Estonian exports in 2006-2011, along with some changes in specialization in the years following that. Based on the analysis of the RSA index and the Galtonian regression, we can make the conclusion about the diversification of the specialisation structure. The most important component of trade expansion in Estonia within the considered time period is the intra-industry trade. In 2016-2020 there was a significant increase in the specialization shift component in trade dynamic, which indicates the structural changes in Estonian exports. The most essential structural changes during the last five years occurred in such commodity sectors as food and live animals, animal and vegetable oils, as well as machinery and transport equipment, which were caused by the increasing share of specialization shift.

A New Class of Revealed Comparative Advantage Indexes

This paper draws upon a critical analysis of the three RCA indexes in Vollrath (1991) to propose a new class of RCA indexes. The baseline RCA index in this new class rests on the overall structure of trade, is symmetric, avoids size bias and is compatible with the Kunimoto-Vollrath principle. Possible modifications of the baseline RCA index are subsequently suggested to take into account GDP per capita data and to use adjusted trade data with the aim of better measuring comparative advantages. These modified versions together with the baseline RCA index give rise to a whole new class of RCA indexes. An application to the Euro area indicates that this new class is able to rank countries according to their respective levels of comparative advantages in a more consistent way than alternative RCA indexes. Furthermore, the new class of RCA indexes provides second-best solutions for time stationarity and the desirable distributional characteristics of an RCA index.

Measuring subnational trade competitiveness

Much research has tried to measure the competitiveness of territorial units such as countries and subnational regions. We propose new measures of subnational trade competitiveness that reflect the economic focus of regions on their country’s comparative advantage. Our approach starts with data on the revealed comparative advantage of countries at the industry level. We then combine these measures with data on the employment structure of regions to arrive at measures of subnational trade competitiveness. In total, we offer data for 1,212 regions across 62 countries and over a time period of 21 years. In this paper, we introduce our measures and provide descriptive evidence that shows the plausibility of these measures. We also discuss some of the many research questions that these data can be used to address.

Analisis Daya Saing Kakao Olahan dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Daya Saing Kakao Olahan Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia di Pasar Internasional

Peningkatan ekspor kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara ke pasar Malaysia dan Singapura akan meningkatkan daya saing. Potensi ini memberikan nilai tambah bagi industri pengolahan kakao nasional. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara di Pasar Internasional, menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara di Pasar Malaysia dan Singapura. Metode penelitian menggunakan Revealed Comparative advantage (RCA) dan Export Product Dynamic (EPD) menganalisis daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara di Pasar Internasional. Regresi Linear Berganda untuk menganalisis faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap daya saing kakao olahan(cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara di Pasar Malaysia dan Singapura. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Sumatera Utara memiliki daya saing yang kuat di Pasar Malaysia dan Singapura. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara adalah volume ekspor kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara, harga domestik kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara, harga ekspor kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara, harga ekspor kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Ghana, kebijakan bea keluar biji berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara ke Pasar Malaysia dan Singapura.

Diversifikasi Pasar dan Daya Saing Ekspor Produk Olahan Kopi Indonesia ke Negara Emerging Market Terpilih

Ekspor kopi di Indonesia hingga kini masih didominasi oleh biji kopi, tetapi nilai ekspor biji kopi terus menurun. Sebaliknya, ekspor Produk Olahan Kopi Indonesia (POKI) cenderung meningkat selama periode 2015-2019. Namun, ekspor POKI masih didominasi ke satu negara, yaitu Filipina, sehingga ekspornya sangat terpengaruh dengan kondisi negara tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan ekspor POKI rentan tidak stabil. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan diversifikasi pasar terhadap ekspor POKI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat diversifikasi pasar ekspor POKI dan daya saing ekspornya ke beberapa negara emerging market tujuan diversifikasi selama periode 2010-2019. Ukuran yang digunakan yaitu Indeks Hirschman, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Export Product Dynamic, dan X-Model. Hasilnya, diketahui bahwa diversifikasi pasar ekspor POKI secara agregat belum cukup baik. Selain itu, daya saing ekspor POKI ke beberapa negara tujuan emerging market sudah cukup baik dengan posisi yang strategis. Berdasarkan hasil X-model, diperoleh lima negara yang secara optimis dapat menjadi tujuan diversifikasi.