scholarly journals Share of members of parliament aged 40 and under and people aged 20-39 as a share of voting-age population, 2020

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Voting Age ◽  
A Share

The Conflict between the Irish Administration and Parliament, 1753–6

1942 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Share

The history of eighteenth-century Ireland prior to the Volunteer movement is remarkably uneventful, but two episodes ruffled its political calm. They were the Wood's halfpence dispute of 1723–5, and the conflict between the Irish administration and parliament, 1753–6.It was the extent and vehemence of the opposition experienced by the administration in 1723–5 that led to the evolution of the undertakers—powerful members of parliament who undertook to conduct government business through the house of commons in return for a share in the disposal of patronage.

Wahlrechtsreform. Eine Agenda in zwölf Punkten

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-801
Author(s):  
Frank Decker ◽  
Eckhard Jesse
Keyword(s):  
Additional Increase ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Voting Age ◽  
The Government ◽  
Original Size ◽  
The One ◽  
Electoral Law

The Grand Coalition in Germany struggled with achieving a substantial reform of the electoral law . The measures it has introduced will presumably fail to prevent an additional increase in the number of Bundestag members after the next election . It is highly probable that the forthcoming electoral commission will once again make suggestions for changing the system . The article discusses 12 topics that the commission should address: extending the legislative period and introducing a deadline for the investiture of the government - maintaining the original size of parliament, the proportional system and the mandates won in the electoral districts - codifying the central elements of electoral procedures in Germany’s Basic Law - reducing the number of electoral districts to 200 or 150 - increasing financial support for the constituency work of members of parliament - returning to the one vote‑system of 1949 - introducing a preferential vote - abolishing the basic mandate clause - abandoning the idea of a quota for female candidates - facilitating postal voting - lowering the voting age to 16 - setting up a citizens’ assembly to propose reform measures .

scholarly journals Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Explaining Youths’ Relative Absence in Legislatures

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Aksel Sundström ◽  
Daniel Stockemer
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Democratic Deficit ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Voting Age

ABSTRACT This article conceptualizes the relative absence of youth in legislatures, a feature we perceive as a democratic deficit with detrimental consequences. It introduces a new operationalization: the Youth Representation Index. Rather than calculating youths’ representation by the percentage of Members of Parliament 35 or 40 years old and younger or legislatures’ median age, we argue that scholars should assess youths’ parliamentary presence relative to their proportion of the voting-age population. We contribute by assessing the magnitude of youths’ underrepresentation across countries, finding that adults 35 years old and younger are generally underrepresented in legislatures by a factor of three and those 40 years old and younger by a factor of two. We illustrate that youths’ presence increases under proportional representation electoral systems and with candidate age requirements set at 18 years. Finally, our results illustrate that countries with a younger population display a stronger discrepancy in youth representation.

A Review of the Electoral Process under Ghana's Fourth Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-377
Author(s):  
Lydia A. Nkansah ◽  
Delali A. Gawu
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Electoral Cycle ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Election Results

There have been seven general elections, under Ghana's Fourth Republic, to elect presidents and members of parliament. There are laws regulating the electoral process and election results have generally been accepted and, in a few cases, challenged through the laid-down process. Elections in Ghana are nonetheless reportedly flawed with irregularities tainting the outcome and creating tensions and sometimes pockets of violence. This article examines the electoral process under Ghana's Fourth Republic, namely the adoption of regulations for each electoral cycle, voters’ registration and the voters’ register, nomination of aspirants, voting, counting of votes and declaration of the results. To ensure the integrity of the electoral process, the laws regulating elections should comply with the dictates of the procedural requirements of the rule of law and the Electoral Commission's actions must be consistent with these laws.

Диагностика минерального питания моркови на пойменных почвах Нечерноземной зоны

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Borisov ◽  
I.Yu. Vasjuchkov ◽  
A.A. Kolomiets ◽  
O.N. Uspenskaya ◽  
A.V. Kornev
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Floodplain Soils ◽  
Standard Production ◽  
A Share

Установлено, что на пойменных почвах использование методов диагностики минерального питания растений моркови «по почве» и «по черешку» в фазу начала образования корнеплодов позволяет значительно (на 36–42%) снизить расход минеральных удобрений, обеспечивая урожайность моркови на уровне 70 т/га с долей стандартной продукции 78–81% без существенного изменения качества корнеплодов.It was found that in floodplain soils, the use of methods of diagnosis of mineral nutrition of carrot plants «on the soil» and «on the petiole» in the phase of the beginning of the formation of root crops can significantly (by 36–42%) reduce the consumption of mineral fertilizers, ensuring the yield of carrots at the level of 70 t/ha with a share of standard production of 78–81% without significantly changing the quality of root crops.

INFLUENCE OF LIVE WEIGHT IN CULTIVATION ON THE DURATION OF PRODUCTIVE USE OF COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED OF DIFFERENT BLOODLINE ON THE HOLSTEIN BREED

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
L. M. Danets ◽  
I. V. Tkachova ◽  
V. P. Shablia
Keyword(s):  
Average Duration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Complex Integral ◽  
The Cost ◽  
State Enterprises ◽  
Dairy Breed ◽  
Integral Feature ◽  
A Share

The duration of productive use is a complex integral feature and is determined by both genetic and paratypical factors. This feature should ensure maximum milk productivity of animals, economic efficiency of dairy farms and generally limit the cost of raising and keeping cows. Research conducted in the experimental farms of state enterprises "Kutuzovka", Kharkov district of Kharkov region using cow’s Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed (4038 cows). We studied the duration of productive use of cows divided into gradations according to the conditional bloodline for the Holstein breed, depending on the weight in the control age periods of cultivation (at birth, at 6, 12 and 18 months). The maximum value of the duration of productive use was recorded in the group of cows with a share of conditional blood for the Holstein breed up to 30% inclusive (the average duration of productive use is 2.77 lactations). The highest indicator of the duration of productive use of the studied animals was 4.09 lactations. Among cows with a share of conditional blood for the Holstein breed up to 30% longer produced those born with a weight of more than 40 kg (4.09 lactations), at 6 months of age weighed 100-149 kg, at 12 months – 200-249 kg, at 18 months of age – 350-399 kg. Among animals with a share of bloodline of 31-60 %, those that had a weight at the age of 6 months produced the longest: 155-190 kg (3.17 lactations), at 12 months – 250-299 kg (2.98 lactations), at 18 months – 350-399 kg (3.06 lactations). In the most numerous gradation with the share of bloodline for the Holstein breed 61-90 %, the longest productive use was characterized by animals born with a weight of 30-39 kg (2.12 lactation), at 6 months of age they weighed more than 200 kg (3.29 lactation), at 12 months-300-349 kg (3.40 lactation), at 18 months – 400-449 kg (2.82 lactation). The average duration of productive use of cows of this grade is quite low – in the range of 2.82-3.29 lactations. The highest degree of influence on the duration of productive use in this gradation of animals was recorded by the live weight factor at 6 months of age (η2 = 10.8). Сcomparative assessment of the cows gradation with a share of conditional blood for the Holstein breed of 91 % or more found that the longest productive use was characterized by cows that had a live weight at birth of 30-39 kg (1.93 lactation), in 6 months – 155-199 kg (2.73 lactation), in 12 months – 250-299 kg (2.87 lactation) and in 18 months – 350-399 kg (2.62 lactation). The degree of influence of live weight at this age on the duration of productive use of cows is insignificant, except for live weight at 6 months of age (η2 = 11.8).

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