BIOTECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PRODUCTION AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF LACTOSE-FREE YOGHURT

Lactose-free dairy products play a significant role in the diet of people with lactose intolerance, as they are a source of prombiotics and highly nutrients that are readily available, are in balanced proportions and do not contain milk sugar (lactose). In the manufacture of lactose-free dairy products in the technological scheme provides for the extraction of milk sugar (lactose), which can lead to deterioration of their sensory and physicochemical properties. The aim of this work was to study the comparative aspect of biotechnological features of yogurts made by traditional and lactose-free technologies and to evaluate their organoleptic and physicochemical properties. The object of the study were organic drinking yogurt with "blueberry" filler (with probiotic) 2.5 % and lactose-free organic yogurt (with probiotic) 2.5 %. According to the results of research, organic drinking yogurt with "blueberry" filler (with probiotic) 2.5 % in taste was sour milk, without foreign tastes and odors moderately sweet, with a pronounced taste of "blueberry" filler, consistency - homogeneous, tender, dense, without gas formation, with particles of fresh blueberries, which are distributed throughout the mass of yogurt, color - with a shade that is characteristic of blueberries. Organic lactose-free yogurt (with probiotic) 2.5 % had a sour taste, sour milk, without foreign tastes and odors, color - white. According to the results of physico-chemical studies of experimental samples of organic drinking yogurt with "blueberry" filler and lactose-free organic yogurt, the titratable acidity was 80 and 85 oT, active acidity 4.7 and 4.5, respectively. The mass fraction of carbohydrates in drinking yogurt with "blueberry" filler was 9.8 g / 100 g at 4.4 g / 100 g in lactose-free yogurt, including sugar 5.8 and 0 g / 100 g, respectively. Energy value and caloric content was higher in the sample of yogurt with "blueberry" filling. The conditional viscosity of the test samples was 1 min 30 sec. and 59 sec. in accordance. The degree of syneresis in the experimental samples of organic drinking yogurt with the filler "blueberry" and lactose-free organic yogurt was 55 and 45 % moisture content - 44.07 and 39.49 %, respectively.

THE QUALITY OF BEE QUEENS OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT METHODS

Honeybees can only live and work in a bee colony. There is normally only one queen bee in a standard bee colony. It is the family's only fully matured female and the mother of young queen, drone, and worker bees. When a bee colony loses its queen bee and is unable to reproduce a new one, it eventually dies. Timely change of queen bees every 2 years, as well as increasing and maintaining the strength of bee colonies are the main zootechnical measures to maintain optimal life of bees and get the maximum amount of products from them. The presence of the queen bee in the bee family of honey bees fully influences their flight activity in collecting bee pollen. In its absence, the harvesting of pollen and its processing, as well as the extraction of wax and the construction of honeycombs, the cultivation of brood, and the collection of nectar are significantly slowed down and then completely stopped. With the advent of the uterus, all the functions of the family as a whole biological system are restored. Therefore, the quality of queens is a determining factor in the viability and productivity of the bee colony. The aim of the study was to compare the quality of reproductive function of queen bees of Apis mellifera sossimai and Apis mellifera carpatica breeds in different ways of obtaining them, and the impact on productivity of the bee colony. To carry out experimental work in the apiary, three control groups and two experimental groups were formed, with nine bee colonies in each group. In the first group, the queen bees were artificially breeded from the nursery, in the second group - fistulous queens bees, and in the third - the swarm queen bees. The apiary is situated on a 50-50 meter plot of land. Hives are used to keep bee colonies. Bees are kept in the apiary of the Ukrainian field breed. A pollinating honey area is available at the apiary. A winter house, a mobile vehicle, and a suitable chamber for honey pumping are all available at the apiary. Mustard is sown around the apiary every year. According to the study, big full-fledged queen bees are born in a healthy, physiologically complete bee colony. When the strength of a bee colony was increased, the queen bees were born 30 mg lighter. The number of fallopian tubes of queen bees raised with a biological integrity breach is 185,1 ± 7,3, while the number of fallopian tubes of queen bees raised with biological integrity is 207,6 ± 7,4. If the bees bring nectar and pollen during the breeding process, the queen bees are born huge, but without the forage а little and with poor executive abilities. It makes no difference how strong the foraging is; even 200 – 300 g of nectar and pollen per day has a positive impact on the quality of queen bees produced. Fistula uteruses had higher egg production compared to swarms in the same conditions of colony development.

INFLUENCE OF PARENT SELECTION METHODS BY B ANTIGEN SIMILARITY INDEX IN THE BLOOD GROUPS ON WEIGHT AND LINEAR GROWTH OF BULLS

In solving the problem of qualitative improvement of beef breeds, it is important to improve the methods of practical use of existing parent couples selection methods, using histocompatibility antigens, polymorphic proteins and blood group systems. The purpose of the thesis is to determine the influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous selection of parent couples by blood group factors on the weight and linear growth of bulls of Ukrainian beef breed. The Ukrainian beef breed was bred using four breeds and is characterized by high variability in polymorphic features. The type of parent selection was determined by the index of B antigen similarity (ras) of cattle blood groups. The formula of D.A. Zhyvotovskyi and A.M. Mashurov was used to calculate the index of antigenic similarity of parents. Selection by ras of parents ≥ 0,268 was considered homogeneous, and by ras ≤ 0,267 heterogeneous. It has been proven that bulls that are descended from their parents with more ras pravail in the test on average daily gains and have a higher live weight. If ras of the parents is over 0.268, animals tend to improve their growth rate up to 8 months of age. After weaning this trend persists. The average daily gain of bulls obtained from parents with ras up to 0.267 is better in the period from 15 to 18 months, which indicates their lower precocity. If the antigenic similarity index of parents is more than 0.268, the animals are better in terms of the severity of meat forms at the age of 15 and 18 months. At the age of 15 months, bulls obtained from homogeneous selection by ras have smaller height measurements, better developed front of the torso in width and depth of the chest, longer torso and buttocks. Homogeneous selection of parental couples according to the B antigen similarity index of blood groups leads to improvement of weight growth and severity of meat forms of bulls of Ukrainian beef breed.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT AGES HEIFERS LIVE WEIGHT ON THE LIFELONG COWS PRODUCTIVITY

One of the problems of modern dairy farming is the short period of productive use of cows. This is observed not only in Ukraine, but also in most countries of the world with developed dairy farming. The consequence of a short period of productive use is a decrease in lifelong productivity of cows. The aim of this paper was to study the possibility of influencing the duration of use and lifelong yield of cows by selecting heifers for live weight during their rearing. The study analyzed the lifelong productivity of 1071 cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed, starting from their breeding and before leaving the herd. Animals were divided into five groups by living weight at the age of 3, 6, 12 and 15 months using a standard deviation (σ) from the mean value. The number of calving, the duration of productive life, lifelong yield and yield for higher lactation, as well as the average period between calving were determined within the groups. It was found that yield for higher lactation are associated with the weight of heifers during the beginning of pubertal development and the onset of sexual maturity. Animals that had a live weight of + 0.5…1.5 σ at the age of 6 months and more than +1.5 σ at the age of 12 months from the average live weight in the herd were characterized by the highest milk yield. The group of signs of lifelong productivity (number of calving, duration of productive use and lifelong yield) was positively affected by live weight of heifers aged 3, 6, 12 and 15 months, which exceeded the average live weight in the herd by 0.5…1.5 σ. Cows included in these groups outperformed other groups by 0.2…1.4 calving. During the period of use, these cows received 11…32% more milk than the herd average. The research expands the understanding of the influence of heifer breeding on the formation of lifelong productivity of cows and can be used to select livestock and adjust plans for dairy cattle breeding.

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FEED ADDITIVE OF SODIUM HUMATE FOR STERLET BY THE CAGE METHOD OF GROWING

The article presents the results of an experiment to assess the effect of feed additive of humates on the growth rate and survival of different age groups of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L., 1758) and the conversion of fish feed for keeping in aquaculture. Based on the analysis of sources of scientific and technical information, it was found that humic drugs have long been used in crop production as growth stimulants and microfertilizers, and in animal husbandry - to normalize metabolism, treatment of digestive diseases and general stimulating effect on the body as a whole. Analysis of data on the use of humates in aquaculture indicated the presence of a positive effect of these compounds on individual cultivation objects. The small amount of information on the use of humates in fish farming has led to the conclusion that this direction of fish farming intensification is still insufficiently studied, and that studies of the impact of humic substances on aquaculture objects are not comprehensive and mainly concern the assessment of individual effects of biologically active action of the compounds on fish. The available information gave grounds to speculate about the prospects for the use of humates in sturgeon farming. To test this assumption, a series of experiments was conducted on the feeding of sterlet feed with the addition of sodium humate. The research was conducted in 2018, 2020 and 2021, in the production conditions of the cage fishery, located on the Kaniv Reservoir. The effect of different concentrations of sodium humate feed additives on one- and two year old sterlet was evaluated. It was found that the addition of sodium humate to fish feed in concentrations of 60, 100, 120 and 200 mg / kg of feed did not significantly affect the growth rate of sterlet. Thus, the advantage of experimental variants over the control for this indicator was insignificant, in the range of 1.0-1.6%. The effect of sodium humate on the survival of this year sterlet, for their cultivation in gardens. At the same time, the best, by 6.7-17.4%, feed conversion with the addition of humates by one- and two-year-old sterlet was noted. According to the results of the experiments, the best result was obtained in the variant using a feed additive of humates at a concentration of 200 mg / kg of feed. It is considered promising to continue the study of the impact of feed additives of humates on the growth and survival of valuable aquaculture objects under different housing conditions, in particular in closed recirculation aquasystems (RAS), as well as finding the optimal concentration of these additives in feed for different species and age groups of fish.

CHANGES IN HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN HENS DURING SHORT-TERM INFLUENCE OF NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Comparative analysis of changes in hematological parameters of hens under short-term exposure to various negative environmental factors was performed. For this purpose in the conditions of a modern complex on production of food eggs 3 groups of hens were formed, each of which was kept in a separate cage-analogue on the area and the equipment. In particular, the hens of the 2nd group were deprived of fodder, the 3rd group – of light, and the 4th group – were kept with a significant overcrowding. Exposure to the factor in all groups was 24 hours, after which hematological parameters were determined. Differences in the response of the blood system of hens to short-term exposure to adverse environmental factors depending on their nature were found. The smallest changes in the blood system of hens were observed under the influence of the lack of food, namely an increase, within the physiological norm, the content of leukocytes and ESR, decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, platelets, as well as violation of the ratio of different forms of leukocytes – an increase in the concentration of heterophiles (3.3% > normal) on the background of a decrease in the concentration of monocytes (1.6% < normal), lymphocytes and basophils. Whereas under the influence of the factor of lack of light, a higher content of leukocytes in the blood by 10.6%, a lower concentration of hemoglobin by 22.4%, hematocrit – by 4.2%, platelets – by 9.8%, as well as higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate by 9.8%, higher concentration of heterophiles by 5.9% and lower concentration of lymphocytes – by 4.6%, compared with the lack of food. The most significant changes in the blood system were observed under the influence of a factor of significant overcrowding of hens, namely higher blood leukocytes by 17.1 and 5.9%, lower hemoglobin concentration by 29.6 and 9.2%, hematocrit – by 5.9 and 1.7%, erythrocytes – by 10.3%, platelets – by 35.8 and 28.8%, as well as higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate by 4.9%, higher concentration of heterophiles by 11.3 and 5.4% and lower concentration monocytes – by 0.8 and 0.4%, lymphocytes – by 9.4 and 4.8% and eosinophils – by 0.7%, compared with the factor of lack of food and lack of light, respectively.

GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF CLARIA CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPNUS B., 1822) AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWING WITH ADDITION OF CHICTONIC IN FEED

The paper presents the results of an experiment to assess the effect of different concentrations of vitamin-amino acid complex "Chiktonik" on the growth rate and survival of young African clary catfish (Clarias gariepinus B., 1822) after various stressful situations, for keeping fish in aquaculture. In the experiment, the stressful situation for fish arose due to significant fluctuations in the content of ammonia, nitrites and nitrates in the aquatic environment of a closed recirculation aquasystem, which kept larvae and fry of Clarya catfish during the start of the biological filter, before establishing biological equilibrium in the system. Based on the analysis of sources of scientific and technical information, it was found that the drug "Chiktonik" for more than 10 years is used in animal husbandry to normalize metabolism in animals with unbalanced feeding, after stress, mycotoxin poisoning and antibiotic treatment. This information gave rise to the assumption of the possibility of using the drug in aquaculture, for the same purposes. A series of experiments was performed in a closed recirculating aquasystem, during which the effect of different concentrations of the drug "Chiktonik" in fish feed on larvae and fry of Clarya catfish was tested. It was found that the addition of the drug at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of feed accelerates the growth of fish in the experimental variants, compared with the control. Experimental use of high doses of the drug (5, 15, 30 and 45 ml/kg of feed) initially led to inhibition of weight gain of fish, but 10-30 days after the experiment, the growth rate of the experimental material was equal to that of the control group of fish and even exceeded control in the future. The positive effect of vitamin-amino acid complex "Chiktonik" on the survival of young Clarya catfish at the end of the larval period of life and in the early stages of the fry period was established. In an experiment with older fish, which were fully formed fry, such an effect from the use of the drug was not observed: the survival of the fish was at the same level, both in the experiment and in the control. At the same time, it was found that the fry respond less well to high doses of the drug, compared with adult larvae. Thus, the growth rate of fry after the use of high doses of the drug was not equal to that of fish from the control group within a month after the end of the experiment, in contrast to younger fish. In general, the feasibility and safety of the drug "Chiktonik" for young Claria catfish as a feed additive at a dose of 1 ml / kg of fish feed has been proven. It is considered promising to continue research in this direction, using as research material fish of older age groups, including - repair and breeding stock of Claria catfish.

Substantiation of amplitude-frequency characteristics and design parameters of vibration exciter in volume oscillation separator

The main effects of the developed design for vibratory separator: the increased driving force in the process of bulk material separation in this work, achieved by providing the working cylindrical-conical container with vibrational motion; improving the conditions for the passage of product particles through openings, achieved by providing the sieve surface with volume oscillations; reduction of energy consumption and improvement of operating conditions for support nodes during the operation of the designed vibrating screen, achieved due to the installation of additional elastic elements between the separator body and bearing assemblies of the vertical drive shaft in vibration exciter. Providing the working bodies of the designed vibrating screen with volume oscillating motion allows increasing the performance and quality of the separation process of solid bulk materials. To determine the rational parameters for vibration screening process, the equations of motion of working bodies as a conical sieve surface were obtained using the method of the Lagrange equations of the second order. When applying solutions of the Cauchy problem for linear nonhomogeneous differential equations, the solution of the latter was obtained. The obtained dependences of oscillation amplitudes, vibration velocity and vibration acceleration, and the intensity of oscillating motion allowed us to perform a mathematical analysis for power and energy parameters of vibration drive in the developed separator. The inclined placement of the conical sieve surface allows for spatial gyration or circular translational motion, which makes it possible to realize the advantages of volumetric separation of bulk materials. The results of the conducted analytical study made it possible to substantiate the optimal inclination angle for working sieve surface. Based on our analysis, the design parameters of vibration exciter were substantiated and clarified, and the design of this technical system was demonstrated.

Honey as a marinade component for meat semi-finished products

The features of biochemical composition and properties of meat raw materials determine the need to find new technologies for its processing in order to obtain new products with high consumer properties. The current trend in the development of technology is the enrichment of raw meat materials with useful components with functional and technological properties that have a high biological value: apiproducts and products of plant origin. Due to its chemical composition, honey contains about 500 different biologically active substances, which are feasible to use as natural antioxidants in the production of semi-finished meat products. Different types of honey are characterized by high biological activity, dietary and medicinal properties. During heat treatment, meat marinated with honey marinade acquires new taste qualities, the appearance becomes brighter due to the caramelization of honey. The article presents the results of an investigation of the initial raw meat materials, honey, and marinated semi-finished product. We found that a decrease in the pH value of the marinated semi-finished product during a 24-hour treatment period provides meat stability to storage, since most bacteria grow at high pH values, while their growth slows down in acidic nutrient media with pH value below 6.2. Long-term marination makes it possible to obtain meat with increased water-binding and water-holding capacity and improved consistency and juiciness. The task of new product development requires new approaches and techniques in technology. The use of apiproducts, which have antioxidant properties, will allow avoiding the use of food preservatives and stabilizers of chemical origin. Therefore, honey can be used as a part of marinated meat products. The introduction of the active components of honey into the marinade will extend the shelf life and correct the organoleptic properties.

Investigation of the efficiency of beet syrup usage in products based on nutraceutical principles

The nature of nutrition is the most important factor determining human health. Proper healthy nutrition maintains health, plays an important role in preventing chronic diseases in modern humans. The level of food product quality must meet the human physiological needs for nutrients and energy, and healthy nutrition also includes the concept of the preventive effect of food, or food as a risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases. When nutrients are in improper proportions, nutrition is considered incorrect, unhealthy, irrational, and may play a role as a risk factor for the development of human diseases. The paper substantiates the use of beet syrup and beet in ketchup technology and the benefits of the developed recipes for human health. It also covers the physicochemical composition of beet syrup, which contains 93.5% dry matter, and sugar composition and content in beet syrup: glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose, the total sugar content is 48.8 g/100 g that is 50.2 g/100 g less than common sugar. The ratio of prescription ingredients, established by experimental investigations on organoleptic parameters, is substantiated. The water activity index was investigated, which constituted 0.92 in the second sample, 0.93 – in the first sample, and 0.93 – in the control sample, which will have a positive effect on their shelf life. The examination of the chemical composition showed that the protein content in the first sample increased by 33%, in the second sample – by 56% compared to the control sample; the sugar content reduced by 42.7% in the first sample and by 50.6% in the second sample; the vitamin C content increased; the fiber content increased 3 times; the developed products are enriched with iron, phosphorus, and potassium. The Nutri-score calculation showed that the samples developed according to formulas №1 and №2 belong to categories A and B and are more balanced and beneficial to human health, which indicates the high nutritional value of the products. In terms of the energy value, the developed samples have an advantage over the control. The energy value (kcal/100 g) of the first sample is 100, the second sample – 89.5, and the control sample – 104.