The economic efficiency of the use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in the rations of highlyproductive cows of the Ukrain-ian Red-Spotted Dairy breed

The article deals with the results of research on the economic efficiency of the use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in the feeding rations of highlyproductive cows of Ukrainian Red-Spotted Dairy breed in the first 100 days of lactation. The research was performed on five groups (one control and four experimental) of analogous cows in the conditions of ALC “Terezyne” Bila Tserkva district of Kyiv region. The control was the optimal dose of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt, which was previously established with a concentration of 1 kg of dry matter (DM) of the feed mixture (FM), mg: Zinc – 60.8; Manganese – 60.8 and Cobalt – 0.78. For the 2nd experimental group, the concentration of these trace elements was increased by 10 %, and in the 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups – on the contrary, the concentration of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in 1 kg of DM of feed mixture was reduced by 10 %, 20 and 30 %, respectively, compared with the control. The best results on milk yield of natural and basic fat content were got from cows of the 4th experimental group, where the concentration of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt due to their mixed ligand complexes in 1 kg of DM of feed mixture was, mg: Zinc – 48.6; Manganese – 48.6; Cobalt – 0.62. The cost of products got from experimental cows ranged from UAH 12702.3 up to UAH 13783.7 and it was the highest in the 4th experimental group. It was set up that for cows of Ukrainian Red-Spotted Dairy breed in the first 100 days of lactation the most economically advantageous was the dose of mixed ligand complexes, in which the concentration of Zinc and Manganese was 48.6 mg, and Cobalt – 0.62 mg/kg DM, which allowed to obtain a profit of 14.37 % more than in the control group. Doses of mixed ligand complexes with a concentration of Zinc and Manganese – 66.9 mg; 54.7 and 42.6 mg, and Cobalt – 0.86 mg; 0.7 and 0.55 mg/kg CF gave a much lower economic effect. Additional profit in the 2nd experimental group amounted to UAH 66.8 or 1.34 %; in the 3rd – UAH 95.6 or 1.92 % and in the 5th – UAH 561.6 or 11.28 %, compared with the control group.

Feed behavior and milk productivity in cows of different fattening

The results of feed behavior and milk productivity in the cows of Ukrainian black-speckled dairy breed of different fattening of the first and second lactations from the first month to the end of lactation are given. The analysis of the herd showed that the highest milk productivity in cows of the first lactation was found in the group of fattening from 3 to 4 points, which was by 9.2 % (P ≥ 0.99) higher, compared to the group of cows with fattening 4 points and more. The milk yield in cows of the second lactation with fattening from 3 to 4 points exceeded the milk yield of cows with fattening 4 points and more by 12.9 % (P ≥ 0.95). The content of fat and protein in milk was higher in the cows with higher fattening, compared to the cows with lower fattening. The highest average daily milk yield was found in cows of the first lactation with fattening from 3 to 4 points. Depending on the month, it was by 5.5–11.7 % (P ≥ 0.95 – P ≥ 0.999) higher, compared to the cows with fattening 4 points and more, while it was by 6.9–10.0 % (P ≥ 0.95 – P ≥ 0.999) higher in cows of the second lactation. The gestation period of cows has a significant effect on the reduction of milk yield. The milk yield of cows in connection with the term of their gestation are reduced by 0.1 kg per day during the second month after insemination, by 0.2 kg per day during the third month, by 0.3 kg per day during the fourth month, by 0.6 kg per day during the fifth month, by 1.0 kg per day during the sixth month, by 1.7 kg per day during the seventh month and by 2.8 kg per day during the eighth month. The analysis of the dynamics of monthly milk yield shows that lactation curves of cows increase from the first day of lactation to its peak, which occurs in the 2nd – 4th month after calving. The lactation curve in the cows with fattening from 3 to 4 points has a higher peak in the 2nd –3d month of lactation, compared to the cows with higher (more than 4 points) fattening. The animals of all groups, except for cows of the second lactation (with fattening 4 and more points) showed the maximum productivity in the 2nd –3d month of lactation; then the lactation curve decreased with different intensity. The index of constancy of lactation and the index of falling milk yield are the important indicators that characterize the stability of lactation curves. The constancy of lactation curves having been determined by I. Johansson-Hansson index was higher in the cows with fattening 4 and more points, compared to the indicator of the cows with fattening from 3 to 4 points. The studies of behavioral reactions have shown that the animals of the first lactation with an average (from 3 to 4 points) fattening consume feed during 208.5 minutes, which is by 17 minutes (P ≥ 0.999) longer than the animals with higher average fattening, and by 14.5 minutes (P ≥ 0.99) longer than the animals of the second lactation.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT AGES HEIFERS LIVE WEIGHT ON THE LIFELONG COWS PRODUCTIVITY

One of the problems of modern dairy farming is the short period of productive use of cows. This is observed not only in Ukraine, but also in most countries of the world with developed dairy farming. The consequence of a short period of productive use is a decrease in lifelong productivity of cows. The aim of this paper was to study the possibility of influencing the duration of use and lifelong yield of cows by selecting heifers for live weight during their rearing. The study analyzed the lifelong productivity of 1071 cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed, starting from their breeding and before leaving the herd. Animals were divided into five groups by living weight at the age of 3, 6, 12 and 15 months using a standard deviation (σ) from the mean value. The number of calving, the duration of productive life, lifelong yield and yield for higher lactation, as well as the average period between calving were determined within the groups. It was found that yield for higher lactation are associated with the weight of heifers during the beginning of pubertal development and the onset of sexual maturity. Animals that had a live weight of + 0.5…1.5 σ at the age of 6 months and more than +1.5 σ at the age of 12 months from the average live weight in the herd were characterized by the highest milk yield. The group of signs of lifelong productivity (number of calving, duration of productive use and lifelong yield) was positively affected by live weight of heifers aged 3, 6, 12 and 15 months, which exceeded the average live weight in the herd by 0.5…1.5 σ. Cows included in these groups outperformed other groups by 0.2…1.4 calving. During the period of use, these cows received 11…32% more milk than the herd average. The research expands the understanding of the influence of heifer breeding on the formation of lifelong productivity of cows and can be used to select livestock and adjust plans for dairy cattle breeding.

Capa-casein gene polymorphism in cows of different breeds of dairy productivity

Genetic polymorphism of milk proteins, in particular kappa-casein, is of considerable research interest due to its possible associations with economically important traits of dairy cattle. The aim of the study was to determine the polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene and its association with signs of milk productivity in cows of different breeds. Polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene was studied in cows of Ukrainian red-spotted dairy (UCHERM), Ukrainian black-spotted dairy (UCHRM), Montbeliard (M) breeds and crossbred cows obtained by crossing cows of Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed with Mongolians. DNA studies were performed in the Department of Animal Genetics and Biotechnology of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS using the PCR-RFLP method. As a result of research, three genotypes of the kappa-casein gene were identified: AA, AB, BB. Genotypes AA and AB were found in all studied groups of cows, genotype BB was found only in cows of Montbeliard breed with a frequency of 0.366. The highest hopes for 305 days of the first lactation among all studied cows were in crossbred cows with genotype AB (7029 kg), the lowest - in crossbred animals with genotype AA (6359 kg). According to the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the kappa-casein gene, domestic breeds of UCHRM and UCHERM are similar in genetic structure and have a low concentration of B-allelic variant, apparently due to the fact that these breeds were created by reproductive crossing with Holstein breed, in populations of which this allele quite low. The presence of such genotypes in the studied groups of first-borns is determined by the peculiarities of selection work in the herd of SE "DG" Niva "of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after MV Tooth of NAAS ». Research results genotypes and alleles of the kappa-casein gene is an additional genetic characteristic of animals, which makes it possible to create herds with the desired characteristics of milk productivity

103 The Economics and Role of Beef X Dairy Calves in the Beef Supply Chain

Utilizing beef genetics in dairy herds to produce terminal beef x dairy (BXD) crosses is a growing trend in the U.S. dairy industry. It has been estimated that more than two million U.S. BXD calves were born in 2020, which is a practice that is expected to continue to grow throughout the foreseeable future. While not a new concept, the widespread adoption, scale, and strategies currently being used to produce BXD calves have recently received considerable industry attention. Although the increased duration of feeding exposes BXD feeders to increased price and production risks when compared to straightbred beef cattle, these risks are met with several potential benefits. A prime example of such benefits includes a consistent supply of uniform, traceable feeder cattle that are easily age and source verified, that also serve as ideal candidates for enrollment in or development of other value-added marketing programs. Current demand, as indicated by newborn calf prices, suggests that the industry perceives BXD calves to be superior when compared to their straightbred dairy breed contemporaries, and at times, suggests that they may be overvalued. Sustaining such demand will require BXD calves to meet or exceed the performance and profitability expectations of the various production sectors of the beef industry. Results of a multi-year analysis of the economics of BXD calves as compared to cattle of straightbred beef or dairy breed composition will be presented. Furthermore, specific factors expected to influence value throughout the production supply chain will be outlined and discussed. Calfhood management practices that promote calf health, paired with genetic selection strategies focused on complementary traits that minimize cost of gain and increase cutability, such as feed efficiency, carcass yield, and muscularity, will play key roles in sustaining the value of BXD calves to all aspects of the beef supply chain.

PSI-B-22 Analysis of the development of high-quality corpus luteum of the ovaries in recipient heifers

For effective embryo transplants, it is important to select among the repair heifers recipients with high-quality corpus luteum, corresponding in morphometric parameters to the development of 7–8 days of the estrous cycle. It is known that ipsilateral embryo transplants are more effective than contralateral ones. Therefore, for the effective organization of groups of recipients, it is necessary to have a prognosis for the development of corpus luteum differentially on the left or right ovary. The data on the ratio of these indicators have been insufficiently studied. To resolve this issue, sexually mature repair heifers of the Ukrainian red dairy breed (n = 201) were rectally examined during spontaneous (n = 92) and induced (n = 109) cycles (first time on day 0, again - on 7–8 day). In the group of heifers with a spontaneous cycle, it was found that after ovulation of the follicle on the right ovary, high-quality yellow bodies are formed in 71.4% of individuals, and premature lysis of the yellow bodies was found in 28.6%. On the left ovary, respectively -58.3% and 41.7%. In the induced group of recipients, after ovulation, high-quality yellow bodies were formed on the right ovary in 65.2% of individuals, prematurely lysed yellow bodies - in 34.8%; on the left, respectively - 55.8 and 44.2%. The study found that the right pair gonad is functionally dominant in repair heifers. In induced cycles, premature lysis of the corpus luteum (more by 6.28%; P < 0.001) occurs more often than spontaneous ones. The data obtained reveal the morphological and functional patterns of development of high-quality corpus luteum of the ovaries, the presence of which undoubtedly increases the level of engraftment of preimplantation embryos in cattle.

Influence of breed on the quality of in vivo produced embryos from Boran and Holstein Friesian cross dairy breed in Ethiopia

The variation of the dairy breed can determine the success of bovine embryo transfer by influencing the quantity and quality of in vivo embryo production. In this experiment, output and quality of in vivo produced embryos using semen of progeny tested Holstein Friesian (HF) sire in Boran and HF*Boran F1 cross cows, and semen from purebred Boran sire in HF*Boran F1 cross and Boran cows were evaluated. Boran (n=18) and HF*Boran cross (n=18) breed donor dams were superovulated using a previously optimized follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) (Pluset®) dose regimen: 650 IU for HF*Boran cross and 250 IU for Boran breeds. Each cow was flushed on Day-7 post insemination and embryos were evaluated for their developmental stages and quality. Superovulatory response rates were 88.9% and 83.3%, respectively, for Boran and HF*Boran with no significant (P>0.05) breed differences. Total recovery rates were relatively lower (56.5%) in Boran compared to in HF*Boran (67.4%). The mean (±SE) embryo flush outputs were 6.5±0.8 for Boran and 6.9±0.7 forHF*Boran with no significant breed difference. Recovery of a transferrable embryo was significantly higher (68.0%; P<0.05) in HF*Boran dam inseminated with HF sire semen. Boran cows yielded a significantly higher (P<0.05) proportion of unfertilized ovum (57.6 %) irrespective of the sire breeds. Comparatively, a higher number of degenerated embryos were produced by HF*Boran cows. This study demonstrated that the presence of breed-related differences in both the quality and quantity of in vivo produced Bovine embryos.

Evaluation of sires according to offspring beef quality

Beef production in the Russian Federation is mainly based on the use of over-replacement young animals and culled adult cattle of dairy and dual purpose breeds, and only 10 % of it is obtained from cattle of specialized beef breeds and their crossbreds. The selection and widespread use of the best breeding sires will help to increase the dairy and meat productivity of cows and overcome the negative correlation between the most important selected traits in large numbers of livestock. The results of the evaluation of the off spring of sires of Simmental breed of domestic and foreign selection (Canadian), as well as the sire of Red-and-White dairy breed have been presented in the article. The complex index of the sire Sokol 1335/6330 TS-2811 of Simmental breed of the Canadian selection (purebred), born in 1999 in the collective farm of name after Ilich in the Kalacheyevsky district in the Voronezh region (color pale-mottled), according to the beef characteristics of the off spring was 116, which corresponds to the international category EX – “excellent” (KI[sub]1[/sub]). From this it follows that the sire Sokol 1335/6330 TS-2811 is an improver for beef productivity with the assignment of category C[sub]1[/sub]. The sire Redky 6631 TS-2710 belongs to the line Signal 4863, born in 1989 in the state farm “Moskovsky” in the Kharkiv region (color pale-mottled) of domestic selection received the complex index 102 for the beef productivity of off spring, corresponding to KI[sub]3[/sub] (G) – “good” with the assignment of category C[sub]3[/sub]. The sire Pamir 9060,2566 CGF-123 of Red-and-White breed belongs to the line Siling Traijun Rocket 252803, which has the A[sub]3[/sub]B[sub]3[/sub] breeding category, is the loser in terms of the meat productivity of the off spring. It follows from this that the sons of sires of Simmental breed of the domestic and Canadian selection have the advantage in beef productivity over the sons of the sire of Red-and-White breed.

Polymorphism of nucleolar organizer regions in different Ukrainian cattle breeds

Aim. To study the activity of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in different Ukrainian cattle breeds in terms of their apparent activity status in silver stain and possible relation with milk productivity. Methods. Chromosome prepara- tions using lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of 90 cows of different breeds were used in the study. NOR activity was determined by visual evaluation of concentrations of silver precipitation on NORs in individual chromosomes. A 50 % silver nitrate solution was used to stain chromosome preparations. NORs were detected as dark spots on telomeres of the corresponding chromosomes. Results. The cytological analysis of chromosome preparations from lymphocytes of first lactation cows detected NOR polymorphism in Ukrainian Red-and-Motley dairy cattle (URM), Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed (UBW), and hybrid cows, obtained by crossing Ukrainian Red-and-Motley dairy breed and Montbeliarde bulls (URM × M). First lactation cows of URM and UBM had higher or the same inci- dence of cells with four (29.8 and 30 %) and five (17.1 and 19.5 %) NORs, while in URM × M cows the incidence of cells with the same number of NORs was almost twice lower; cells with 7 and 8 NORs exceeded a similar index for other investigated breeds almost twice (2.5 against 4.5 % and 2.0 against 4.2 %). The highest level of chromosomal aberrations (CA) was observed in the group of animals with medium number (2 to 3 NORs per cell), and the lowest – in the group with a high number of NORs (from 6 to 7) with a reliable intergroup difference (p < 0.01). NOR activity was the highest in the group of animals of local origin (URM × M) with a milk yield over 7,000 kg in 305 days of the first lactation and the lowest in the UBW cows with a milk yield of 4–5,000 kg during the first lactation. Conclusions. We determined the differences in the activity of nucleolar organizers between the investigated groups of cows of dairy breed. URM × M hybrids reliably (р ≤ 0.05) exceeded dairy UBW cows by this index. No statistically significant different was found between other investigated groups of animals by this trait. Higher dairy productivity was found in the animals with higher frequency of NORs in the chromosomes of metaphase cells. In our opinion, the number of active NORs demonstrates relative variability between their number and the rate of protein synthesis, required to implement the productivity traits of the investigated animals.

EFFICIENCY OF THE USE THE CROSSBREEDING OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY AND SWISS CATTLE IN THE STATE STUD FARM "PASICHNA"

Goal. To study the influence of intermediate crossing on the level of dairy productivity, qualitative milk indicators, exterior features and resistance of the body of pureorgain and local animals. Methods. Selection and genetic analysis, comparative, statistical. The results. Scientific and production studies were conducted on the basis of a tribal factory of the State Enterprise "Pasichnya" IKSGP NAAN "of the StarosinyaVsky district of the Khmelnytsky region in the chains of distinct animals of the Podilsky factory type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy (UCHRMP) and local animals derived from the crossing of the BPRMP cows with Bojabs of the Shvitsky breed. According to the results of experimental studies, it has been found that local cows-first-bristles are somewhat inferior to the purest animals of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed by the magnitude of the NADA (93.8 kg), but it is compensated by milk quality (fat +0.26%, protein +0.19%), where in the general yield of dairy fat (+9.5 kg) and protein (+6.4 kg), they are favorably different from its purgatory rior. The analysis of the results of the reproductive capacity of cows shows that local animals were first fruitfully inseminated at the age of 545 days and the duration of fertility was 283 days, at that time, purely meters were inserted at the age of 567 days, and the duration of the sharing was 281.5 days. Service-period in the cows-first-born of genotypes, respectively, amounted to 97 and 112 days. The obtained data for the morphological and functional properties of the cow-first-prints show that the assessed number of both groups meets the needs of target standards on technological features and have high indicators of the studied functional properties. Comparative analysis of exterior valuation indicators between the studied groups shows that local cows have higher rates over latitudinal gates, in particular, by breast width and width in the ice, at that time inferior to the children's rior in the rectors of height in the racing, in the area of the torso. and hammer. In the study of natural resistance in the studied cows it has been established that the estimated animal groups are characterized by a sufficiently high level of protective functions of the body and adaptation capacity to technological conditions, which creates good opportunities for further effective selection. The general assessment of the natural resistance of cows-firstbody by morphological and biochemical parameters of blood, phagocytic, bactericidal and lysozymic activity showed that local cows according to Method VE Chumachenko and others. (1990) have a natural resistance to 3 points (61) higher than in their pure-breeding rior (58 points). Conclusions. Results of analysis of dairy performance of local cows-first-birthsters derived from the crossing of Ukrainian Black-and-White breeds with bulls of the Shvitskaya breed showed that the data of the animal though inferior to the christening rior of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed by the magnitude of the NADA but this difference is compensated by the quality of milk, where The total output of dairy fat and protein, they are favorably different from pureoral analogues. By indicators of reproducible ability, it has been found that local animals were first crazy at the age of 823 days that on 21 days earlier than puredom and 15 days they have a smaller service period. An analysis of the results of the estimation of morphological and physiological properties of the elder showed that there are no significant differences in the investigated groups of primary differences. All animals correspond to technological requirements. The exterior evaluation of the investigated groups of the firstborn showed that purely cows, having higher rates in the elevation in the roll, in the height in the ice and a contrary length of the trunk and the intensity, but inferior to the latitude gauge: the width of the breast, width in the machaches and width in the machaches and width in the machach. Animal estimation according to natural resistance indicators found that animals of both groups have a sufficiently high level of protective functions of the body and adaptation capacity to technological conditions that creates good opportunities for further effective selection.