Why did the Great Recession lead to such a slow recovery? I build a model where
heterogeneous firms invest in physical and intangible capital, and can default on their debt. In
case of default, intangible assets are harder to seize by creditors. Hence, intangible capital
faces higher financing costs. This differential is exacerbated in a financial crisis, when
default is more likely and aggregate risk bears a higher premium. The resulting fall in
intangible investment amplifies the crisis, and gradual intangible spillovers to other firms
contribute to its persistence. Using panel data on Spanish manufacturing firms, I estimate the
model matching firm-level moments regarding intangibles and financing. The model captures
the extent and components of the Great Recession in Spanish manufacturing, whereas a
standard model without endogenous intangible investment would miss more than half of the
GDP fall. A policy of transfers conditional on firm age could speed up the recovery, as young
firms tend to be more financially constrained, particularly regarding intangible investment.
Conditioning transfers on firm size or subsidizing credit (as in current E.U. policy) appears to
be less effective.
Firm‐level Investment Spikes and Aggregate Investment over the Great Recession