scholarly journals The Idea of the Construction Police in the Historical Perspective against the Background of the German Legal Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Karol Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The 19Th Century

Th Construction Police, as a task (function) of the state, is the public safety department, which ensures the safety and culture for the using of the building objects. Th institutional roots of this department date back to the age of Enlightenment, the doctrinal ones – to early modern period or even earlier and the legislative ones – to the 19th century. Ths Police is connected with the fire and sanitary safety of buildings. Building laws became the part of the code law, then of police ordinances and, finally, the separate building ordinances were issued (in cities at fist). In the German territories, the period after the Thirty Years’ war was of great importance for the development of the legislation and the building policies, together with the development of cameralism (Kameralismus) and political economy (Polizeiwissenschaft). Th 19th century was the era of codification of the building law in the form of nationwide building acts.

scholarly journals České kramářské tisky – pokus o definici a typologii

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Jakub Ivánek
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Broadside Ballads ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper focuses on the issue of a relatively wide range of kramářské tisky – the medium of Czech popular literature of the Early Modern period and the 19th century. They mostly contained kramářské písně (Czech equivalent for broadside ballads), which are currently in the spotlight of Czech research interest. Kramářský tisk can also be defined by means of equivalents in other languages. The English term chapbooks, for example, may be helpful in emphasising the commercial focus of this literature (kramářské tisky could be literally translated as ‘chapman prints’). Although the English term cannot be clearly defined either, researchers generally come to an agreement that it is a publication of booklet character, of smaller extent as well as format (usually octavo or smaller, made of no more than three sheets of paper or having up to 99 pages). It was distributed by tradesmen at fairs, by colportage or soliciting. It was cheap (both in terms of production and price) and it brought what the broad spectrum of readers in towns and later in the countryside demanded – popular reading in the true sense of the word. It is complicated to include popular histories (knížky lidového čtení) in the comparison – they fit most of the features above, but they were made by folding and joining more sheets of paper and greatly exceed the imaginary limit of 99 pages. Therefore, this paper also deals with boundary media, which surpass the defined extent but principally are still chapman goods (i.e. small-format books of various lengths distributed at fairs and by soliciting). The text of the study draws attention to the appearance and development of certain types of kramářské tisky of both religious and secular content. For a better illustration, many of these types are mediated by an image.

Commodity Market Integration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Commodity Market ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Significant Acceleration ◽  
The 19Th Century

The literature on market integration explores the development of the commodity market with data on prices, which is a useful complement to analysis of trade and the only feasible approach when data on trade are not available. Data on prices and quantity can help in understanding when markets developed, why, and the degree to which their development increased welfare and economic growth. Integration progressed slowly throughout the early modern period, with significant acceleration in the first half of the 19th century. Causes of integration include development of transportation infrastructure, changes in barriers to trade, and short-term shocks, such as wars. Literature on the effects of market integration is limited and strategies for estimating the effects of market integration are must be developed.

scholarly journals Provincializing the Dutch State: South Holland in the 19th Century

Administory ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-184
Author(s):  
Stefan Couperus ◽  
Harm Kaal ◽  
Nico Randeraad ◽  
Paul van Trigt
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
State Building ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Spatial Properties ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Element

Abstract In contrast to the image of the Netherlands as a solid state since the early modern period, this article argues that Dutch statehood was the product of a hard-won process that required a good part of the 19th century to reach any sort of administrative consolidation. We look at state building from a decentered perspective, not so much from above or below, but rather from the middle, concentrating on the province of South Holland, and from within, foregrounding the piecemeal fine-tuning of the administrative system at the provincial level. We show that every administrative intervention had a spatial element or – to put it differently – created its own spatiality. The province, in that sense, was not a fixed territorial entity, but an amalgamation of spatial properties, depending on the administrative issue at stake.

Der Atheismus in Enzyklopädien der Frühen Neuzeit

Daphnis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-524
Author(s):  
Björn Spiekermann
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Concepts ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract This article examines definitions and evaluations of as well as alternative terms for ‘atheism’ in encyclopedias of the early modern period. In a representative overview it will be shown that the early modern discourse about atheism must be interpreted in the light of the history of concepts, of ideas and of knowledge: Not only was the scope of the term ‘atheism’ much broader in the 16th and 17th centuries than it is today, but the sometimes highly ambitious attempts to classify the phenomenon of atheism according to the early modern orders of knowledge remained influential during the 18th and well into the 19th century.

RELIGIOUS CHANGE AND THE TIMING OF BAPTISM IN ENGLAND, 1538–1750

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. KITSON
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Common Prayer

ABSTRACTThe religious reforms of the sixteenth century exerted a profound impact upon the liturgy of baptism in England. While historians' attention has been drawn to the theological debates concerning the making of the sign of the cross, the new baptism liturgy contained within the Book of common prayer also placed an innovative importance on the public performance of the rite in the presence of the whole congregation on Sundays and other holy days. Both religious radicals and conservatives contested this stress on ceremony and publicity throughout the early modern period. Through the collection of large numbers of baptism dates from parish registers, it is possible to measure adherence to these new requirements across both space and time. Before the introduction of the first prayer book in 1549, there was considerable uniformity among communities in terms of the timing of baptism, and the observed patterns are suggestive of conformity to the requirements of the late medieval church. After the mid-sixteenth century, parishes exhibited a range of responses, ranging from enthusiastic adoption by many communities to complete disregard in religiously conservative parts of Lancashire and Cheshire. Additionally, the popularity of saints' festivals as popular days for baptism fell markedly after 1660, suggesting a decline in the observance of these feasts.

Overview of the research work of Prof. Fumiko Sugimoto

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Fumiko Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Spatial Theory ◽  
Early Modern Japan ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
The 19Th Century

Professor Fumiko Sugimoto has been analysing the history of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century with a focus not only on the temporal axis but also on the relationships between specific spaces and the people who live and act as subjective agents in these spaces. During the past few years, she has been endeavouring to decipher the history in the period of transition from the early modern period to the modern period by introducing the perspective of oceans, with a focus on Japan. Through the study of history in terms of spatial theory that also takes oceans into consideration, she is proposing to present a new concept about the territorial formation of modern states. [Main subjects] Law and Governance in Early Modern Japan Judgement in Early Modern Society The Evolution of Control over Territory under the Tokugawa State A Human Being in the Nineteenth Century: WATANABE Kazan, a Conflicting Consciousness of Status as an Artist and as a Samurai Early Modern Maps in the Social-standing-based Order of Tokugawa Japan The World of Information in Bakumatsu Japan: Timely News and Bird's Eye Views Early Modern Political History in Terms of Spatial Theory The Emergence of Newly Defined Oceans and the Transformation of Political Culture.

scholarly journals Merchants and States: Private Trade and the Fall of Madras, 1746

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Søren Mentz
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The State ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Private Entrepreneurs ◽  
British State

Michael Pearson has argued that “rights for revenue” was an important element in the European way of organizing long-distance trade in the early modern period. The state provided indigenous merchant groups with commercial privileges and allowed them to influence political affairs. In return, the state received a part of the economic surplus. The East India Company and the British state shared such a relationship. However, as this article demonstrates, the East India Company was not an impersonal entity. It consisted of many layers of private entrepreneurs, who pursued their own private interests sheltered by the Company’s privileged position. One such group was the Company servants in Asia. The French conquest of Madras in 1746 and the following period of British sub-imperialism in India demonstrate that the state had traded off too many rights. Through the business papers of Willian Monson, a senior Company servant in Madras, the historian can describe the fall of Madras as a consequence of deteriorating relationships between private interests within the Company structure. Directors, shareholders, Company servants and private merchants in India fell out with each other. In this situation, the British state found it difficult to intervene.

Moscow: The Third Rome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
The Third ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Russian

In the mid-19th century, three 16th-century Russian sources were published that alluded to Moscow as the “third Rome.” When 19th-century Russian historians discovered these texts, many interpreted them as evidence of an ancient imperial ideology of endless expansion, an ideology that would go on to define Russian foreign policy from the 16th century to the modern day. But what did these 16th-century depictions of Moscow as the third Rome actually have in mind? Did their meaning remain stable or did it change over the course of the early modern period? And how significant were they to early modern Russian imperial ideology more broadly? Scholars have pointed out that one cannot assume that depictions of Moscow as the third Rome were necessarily meant to be imperial celebrations per se. After all, the Muscovites considered that the first Rome fell for various heretical beliefs, in particular that Christ did not possess a human soul, and the second Rome, Constantinople, fell to the Turks in 1453 precisely because it had accepted some of these heretical “Latin” doctrines. As such, the image of Moscow as the third Rome might have marked a celebration of the city as a new imperial center, but it could also allude to Moscow’s duty to protect the “true” Orthodox faith after the fall—actual and theological—of Rome and Constantinople. As time progressed, however, the nuances of religious polemic once captured by the trope were lost. During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the image of Moscow as the third Rome took on a more unequivocally imperialist tone. Nonetheless, it would be easy to overstate the significance of allusions to Moscow as the third Rome to early modern Russian imperial ideology more broadly. Not only was the trope rare and by no means the only imperial comparison to be found in Muscovite literature, it was also ignored by secular authorities and banned by clerics.

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