scholarly journals Viral load as a risk factor of reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug resistance mutation in antiretroviral-treated people living with HIV/AIDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
Hotma Martogi Lorensi Hutapea ◽  
Tri Nury Kridaningsih ◽  
Khoirul Huda Prasetyo ◽  
Milton Boaheng Antwi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a major contagion faced by the population of Indonesia. The success of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is threatened by the emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRM). The aim of this study was to determine the association between CD4 count, CD4 count changes, viral load, adherence to therapy, and therapy history in the presence of DRM in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving 269 adults who underwent antiretroviral (ARV) therapy for at least 6 months. The frequencies of DRM and polymorphisms were measured by partial amplification of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene using RT-nested PCR on samples with viral loads of >1000 copies/mL. Sequencing was performed using the Sanger method, and edited by BioEdit. The edited sequences were submitted to http://hivdb.stanford.edu for DRM determination. Respondents’ medical data, CD4 count, viral load, and DRM were analyzed by simple and multiple logistic regression. ResultsThe multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of CD4 count (aOR=12.47; 95% CI: 1.45 -107.39; p=0.023) and viral load at the time of study (aOR=29.56; 95% CI: 3.47-251.52; p=0.002) with the presence of DRM in respondents. ARV substitution history was not associated with the presence of DRM. There were 17 respondents (6.3%) carrying HIV-1 DRM, with M184V/I (11 sequences) as the most frequent pattern of NRTI resistance, and K103 (9 sequences) as that of NNRTI resistance. ConclusionThis study demonstrated that viral load at the time of the study was the most influential determinant factor for the presence of DRM in PLWHA.

scholarly journals EBV AND HHV-6 CIRCULATING SUBTYPES IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV IN BURKINA FASO, IMPACT ON CD4 T CELL COUNT AND HIV VIRAL LOAD

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2017049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lassina TRAORE ◽  
Ouéogo NIKIEMA ◽  
Abdoul Karim OUATTARA ◽  
Tegwindé Rébéca COMPAORE ◽  
Serge Théophile SOUBEIGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Cd4 T Cell Count

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) are responsible for severe diseases, particularly in immunocompromised persons. There are poor data on the infection with these opportunistic viruses in Burkina Faso.The purpose of this study is to characterize EBV and HHV-6 subtypes and to assess their impact on CD4 T cell count, HIV-1 viral load and antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV-1.The study population consisted of 238 HIV-positive patients with information on CD4 count, HIV-1 viral load and HAART. Venous blood samples collected on EDTA tubes were used for EBV and HHV-6 Real Time PCR subtyping.An infection rate of 6.7% (16/238) and 7.1% (17/238) were found respectively for EBV and HHV-6 in the present study. Among EBV infections, similar prevalences were noted for both subtypes (3.9% [9/238] for EBV-1 vs 4.6% [11/238] for EBV-2) with 2.1% (5/238) of co-infection. HHV-6A infection represented 6.3% (15/238) of the study population against 5.0% (12/238) for HHV-6B. . EBV-2 infection was significantly higher in patients with CD4 count ≥ 500 compared to those with CD4 count less than 500 cells (1.65% vs 8.56%, p = 0,011). The prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 infections were almost similar in HAART-naive and HAART-experienced patients.The present study provides information on the prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 subtypes in people living with HIV-1 in Burkina Faso. The study also suggests that HAART treatment has no effect on infection with these opportunistic viruses in people living with HIV-1.

scholarly journals Nationwide Study of Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 Infected Individuals under Antiretroviral Therapy in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5304
Author(s):  
Ana Santos-Pereira ◽  
Vera Triunfante ◽  
Pedro M. M. Araújo ◽  
Joana Martins ◽  
Helena Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Drug Resistance Mutations ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

The success of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is threatened by the emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRM). Since Brazil presents the largest number of people living with HIV (PLWH) in South America we aimed at understanding the dynamics of DRM in this country. We analyzed a total of 20,226 HIV-1 sequences collected from PLWH undergoing ART between 2008–2017. Results show a mild decline of DRM over the years but an increase of the K65R reverse transcriptase mutation from 2.23% to 12.11%. This increase gradually occurred following alterations in the ART regimens replacing zidovudine (AZT) with tenofovir (TDF). PLWH harboring the K65R had significantly higher viral loads than those without this mutation (p < 0.001). Among the two most prevalent HIV-1 subtypes (B and C) there was a significant (p < 0.001) association of K65R with subtype C (11.26%) when compared with subtype B (9.27%). Nonetheless, evidence for K65R transmission in Brazil was found both for C and B subtypes. Additionally, artificial neural network-based immunoinformatic predictions suggest that K65R could enhance viral recognition by HLA-B27 that has relatively low prevalence in the Brazilian population. Overall, the results suggest that tenofovir-based regimens need to be carefully monitored particularly in settings with subtype C and specific HLA profiles.

scholarly journals Community Viral Load and CD4 Count Distribution Among People Living With HIV in a South African Township

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kranzer ◽  
Stephen D. Lawn ◽  
Leigh F. Johnson ◽  
Linda-Gail Bekker ◽  
Robin Wood
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
South African ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Count Distribution ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
South African Township

scholarly journals 834. Characterization of Heavily Treatment Experienced HIV-1 Infected Clinical Trial Participants Infected with SARS-CoV-2 COVID 19: Fostemsavir BRIGHTE Phase 3 Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S509-S509
Author(s):  
Shiven Chabria ◽  
Stephane De Wit ◽  
Amy Pierce ◽  
Bronagh M Shepherd ◽  
Michael Warwick-Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background BRIGHTE is an ongoing global study evaluating the gp120 attachment inhibitor fostemsavir (FTR) in heavily treatment-experienced (HTE) adults with multidrug resistant (MDR) HIV-1 unable to form a viable antiretroviral (ARV) regimen. An estimated 2 million people living with HIV-1 have been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Those with HIV viremia and/or low CD4+ counts are at increased risk of serious adverse outcome. We describe the reported COVID cases in a clinical trial population of people living with MDR HIV and immune suppression. Methods At the start of the COVID pandemic, all ongoing BRIGHTE subjects had achieved ≥ 192 weeks on FTR and optimized background ARVs; results through Week 96 were presented previously. Investigators used WHO guidelines for COVID diagnosis and reported exposure, testing results and symptom presence. Figure 1. BRIGHTE Study Design Results 371 subjects [272 Randomized Cohort (RC), 99 Non-Randomized Cohort (NC)] were enrolled; 44% were ≥ 50 years of age and 86% had an AIDS history. Median CD4+ count at study start of was 80 cells/mm3 (IQR 11–202); 30% with ≤ 20 cells/mm3. 250 subjects remained in BRIGHTE at pandemic start. By April 2021, 17 subjects (14 RC, 3 NC) had confirmed COVID infection (positive PCR test). Severity was Grade 1-3, all cases resolved with no deaths. Six subjects were hospitalized (Table 1); most recent CD4+ count prior to COVID were 293-1641 cells/mm3 and 5/6 subjects were virologically suppressed. Treatments often included prophylactic anticoagulants and supplemental oxygen; no cART changes were made. The remaining 11/17 confirmed cases were managed outpatient. Five more subjects had suspect COVID not confirmed by PCR and 2 subjects had negative PCR tests. Table 1. Characterization of Participants with Serious AEs of Confirmed COVID-19 Infections – All Hospitalizations Conclusion A total of 22/250 COVID-19 cases (17 confirmed, 5 unconfirmed) have been reported in BRIGHTE. Outcomes were reassuring with no deaths or known persistent sequelae, despite having advanced HIV and comorbid diseases at baseline associated with poorer COVID outcomes. Outcomes may have benefitted from immunologic improvement during the trial. Disclosures Shiven Chabria, MD, Viiv Healthcare (Employee) Stephane De Wit, MD, Gilead (Grant/Research Support)Janssen (Grant/Research Support)Merck Sharpe & Dohme (Grant/Research Support)ViiV Healthcare (Grant/Research Support) Amy Pierce, BS, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Bronagh M. Shepherd, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder) Michael Warwick-Sanders, BM BSc DPM MFPM, GSK (Employee) Marcia Wang, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder) Andrew Clark, MD, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Peter Ackerman, MD, GSK/ViiV Healthcare (Employee, Shareholder)

scholarly journals Screening for antiretroviral drug resistance among treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals in Lebanon

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 339-348
Author(s):  
Jacques M Mokhbat ◽  
Nada M. Melhem ◽  
Ziad El-Khatib ◽  
Pierre Zalloua
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Introduction: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been successful at decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) among ART-naive patients has been documented to compromise the success of initial therapy. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HIVDR mutations among newly diagnosed drug-naive HIV-infected individuals in Lebanon. Methodology: Plasma samples from 37 newly diagnosed participants at various stages of HIV-1 infection were used to determine HIV-1 RNA viral load, isolate viral RNA, and amplify DNA by RT-PCR. Purified PCR products were used to perform genotypic resistance tests. Results: The prevalence of resistance mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRT), and protease inhibitors (PI) were 5.4%, 10.8%, and 8%, respectively. The major mutations detected in the study participants conferred resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs recommended for HIV-1 treatment.  No significant relationship between HIV-1 viral load of participants and the mode of HIV-1 transmission or between the occurrence of HIVDR and the mode of transmission was found. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study on HIVDR mutations among newly diagnosed HIV-infected persons in Lebanon. The overall prevalence of HIVDR mutations detected in our study was 16%. Our results are important for evaluating the utility of the standard first-line regimens in use, determining the feasibility of HIVDR testing before the initiation of ART, as well as minimizing the emergence and transmission of HIVDR.

scholarly journals An analysis of drug resistance among people living with HIV/AIDS in Shanghai, China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. e0165110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengdi Zhang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Meiyan Sun ◽  
Jianjun Sun ◽  
Hongzhou Lu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

scholarly journals Influence of HLA-B*5701 on 20 year survival rate among patients living with HIV

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255834
Author(s):  
Bogusz Jan Aksak-Wąs ◽  
Miłosz Parczewski ◽  
Anna Urbańska ◽  
Małgorzata Hackiewicz ◽  
Justyna D. Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Baseline Viral Load ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
End Point ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background The life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH) remains shorter than that of the general population, despite significant improvement in the recent years. Mortality in HIV-infected individuals may be associated with a higher viral load at of diagnosis, a lower CD4 count, or clinical variables such as sex or route of transmission. This article investigated the role of the HLA-B*5701 varian on mortality among PLWH. Methods Material for the analysis consist of the data of 2,393 patients for whom the HLA-B*57 variant was known. Those patients were followed under the care of the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Warsaw (n = 1555) and the Clinic of Acquired Immunodeficiency of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin (n = 838). Factors such as age, gender, date of HIV diagnosis, route of transmission, date of death, baseline HIV viral load and baseline CD4 counts, were collected, and end-point cross-sectional analyses were marked at 60, 120, 180 and 240 month of observation. Results HLA-B*5701 allele was found in 133 (5.5%) analyzed cases. Median age was notably higher for HLA-B*5701 positive patients [32.7 (28.3–41.3) vs. 31.6 (26.8–38.3)years p = 0.02]. HLA-B*5701 was associated with lower baseline viral load [4.21 (3.5–4.8) vs. 4.79 (4.2–5.3)log copies/ml p<0.001] and higher CD4count [448 (294.5–662) vs. 352 (176–514) cells/μl p<0.001]. There were no association between HLA-B*5701 and survival for any given end-point. Higher mortality was associated to male gender, intravenous drug users, lower CD4 count at baseline and higher baseline viral load. Conclusions In our study, the presence of HLA-B*5701 allel was not associated with mortality rate of HIV infected patients, irrespective of being associated with both higher baseline CD4 + cell count and lower baseline HIV viral load.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of Transmitted Drug Resistance and Genetic Transmission Networks Among Newly Diagnosed People Living With HIV/AIDS in a Minority Area, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Yuan ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Yiping Li ◽  
Zixin Wang ◽  
Meijing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Minority Area

Introduction: Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) can compromise antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficacy. We aimed to understand the molecular epidemiology of TDR and its genetic transmission networks among newly diagnosed people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH).Methods: A total of 1,318 newly diagnosed PLWH, identified in all population-based HIV screening in an HIV-affected county of a minority area of China (i.e., Butuo county), were enrolled between January 1, 2018, and November 31, 2018. HIV-1 pol gene sequences were used for phylogenetic and genotypic drug resistance analyses. The genetic transmission networks were identified.Results: The prevalence of TDR among newly diagnosed PLWH was 8.12% (107/1,318). Patients in the stage of AIDS (adjusted odds ratio, OR: 2.32) and who had a history of sharing a needle ≥5 times (adjusted OR: 3.89) were more likely to have an increased risk of TDR. The prevalence of TDR for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) is higher than that of other inhibitors, with a relatively high prevalence of three mutations [V179D/E/DE (4.93%), K103N/KN (3.11%), and E138A/G (1.52%)]. A total of 577 (43.78%) pol sequences were involved in the genetic transmission network, with 171 clusters ranging in size from 2 to 91 pol sequences; 37.38% (40/107) of individuals carrying TDR were involved in the network, and individuals with the same TDR-associated mutations were usually cross-linked.Conclusions: Our data suggest a relatively high level of TDR and many transmission clusters among the newly diagnosed PLWH. Targeted intervention, early identification, and monitoring of resistance are warranted to reduce the TDR and prevent HIV-1 transmission in areas with a high rate of HIV-1.

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