scholarly journals Evolução da paisagem de montado no Alentejo interior ao longo do século XX: dinâmica e incidências ambientais

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (72) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Brum Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Landscape Dynamics ◽  
General Context ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Environmental Consequences

EVOLUTION OF THE MONTADO LANDSCAPE IN THE INNER ALENTEJO DURING THE 20TH CENTURY. DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES – This paper presents the general context within which the montado landscape changed in the inner Alentejo during the 20th century as well as some of the environmental consequences, such as soil degradation and modification of the local climate. In large areas nowadays abandoned, the landscape dynamics depends more on environmental limitations created by soil degradation that on purely socio-economical factors.

scholarly journals Colonialism and the environment: The pollution legacy of the Southern Hemisphere’s largest copper mine in the 20th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 205301962096813
Author(s):  
Larissa Schneider ◽  
Niamh Shulmeister ◽  
Michela Mariani ◽  
Kristen K Beck ◽  
Michael-Shawn Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Abandoned Mines ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Copper Producer

Mining has been a major contributor to economic development in Australia since British arrival in the late 1700s, with little to no thought regarding the long-term environmental consequences. This study assesses the metal pollution legacy caused by different smelting methods and mining activities during the British colonialism in western Tasmania. This region was the largest copper producer in the Southern Hemisphere during the 20th century. Lake sediments from Basin Lake and Owen Tarn, 12 and 5 km from Queenstown’s mines, respectively, were used to reconstruct historical metal contamination. Temporal changes in metal concentrations (iron, copper, arsenic, selenium and lead) were assessed in relation to the scale of mining activities and the technologies used. Sedimentation rates and metal influxes increased from 1900, reflecting the beginning of copper mining in Mount Lyell. Observed metal concentrations peaked after 1930, coinciding with the introduction of large-scale open-cut operations and an expansion of the mining machinery used. All elements underwent at least minor enrichment (EF 1-3) during the lifespan of the mine, with lead and copper undergoing extremely severe enrichment (EF > 50). Although smelters contributed to metal increases in the lakes, large open-cut large operations in the 1930s contributed most to metal contamination. Local metal deposition from mining-related activities decreased significantly once operations decreased, with selenium and arsenic decreasing nearly to background levels within 50 years. Lead and copper, the elements which underwent major enrichment, have not yet reached background values. The ecological consequences include the current degraded local landscape, poor water quality and disrupted local biota. Knowledge about the environmental impacts of mining in western Tasmania is less known compared to other sites around the world with a similar history. Our results demonstrate the urgent need to develop better policies and remediation programs that can mitigate the consequences of metal pollution from abandoned mines in Australia.

scholarly journals ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЕ – ПРОШЛОЕ, НАСТОЯЩЕЕ, БУДУЩЕЕ

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Б.Ф. Апарин ◽  
Е.Ю. Сухачева
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Global Crisis ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
History Of

The history of husbandry is the history of crises caused by aggravations of food problems. All such crises are largely associated with soil degradation. For thousands of years those crises were regional and were resolved due to inventing of newer husbandry systems. In the 20th century, there emerged symptoms of a global crisis of intensive husbandry caused by systemic soil degradation. This resulted in slowing down of crop yield increases and worsening of the quality of agricultural produce, which were apparent despite increasing inputs in soils. The present paper addresses the types and factors of soil degradation associated with agriculture as they relate to the extensive and intensive modes of husbandry. A soil-preserving paradigm of husbandry is proposed. Soil-sustaining husbandry and it constituents are characterized.

scholarly journals YESTERDAY AND TODAY OF KAZAKH KUY

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Bazheneyeva S.
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
General Context ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
History Of

The article discusses the history of the performance of the Kazakh kuy throughout the history of the separation of Kazakhs into a separate ethnic group to the present. Examples are provided to familiarize readers with the general context. Especially we focus on the Kazakh traditional forms of music-making.Since in the 20th century kuy appeared on the stage and was placed within the framework of a European-style concert, this could not but leave an imprint on how kuy was perceived, influenced the situation in the life of the once nomadic society, in the system of its spiritual values and the viability of kuy, especially in an urban environment.Now that the “Kazakh traditional art of dombra kuy” has been included in UNESCO's representative list, stakeholders need to take measures to safeguard the element of intangible cultural heritage.

Environmental Consequences of Soil Erosion

2022 ◽  
pp. 112-131
Author(s):  
Tatjana D. Golubović
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Phosphorus Loss ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Global Carbon

Soil is one of the most valuable natural resources. Despite soil importance, the pressures on soil have increased in recent decades. Soil degradation is a critical and growing problem, whereby soil erosion presents a prevailing process compared to other degradative processes. The intensity of erosion depends on the topography, climate conditions, soil characteristics, human activities, and the presence of vegetation. In this chapter, the diverse factors that cause soil erosion have been evaluated. The level of damage associated with soil erosion has been analyzed, with emphasis on the impacts they may have on the global carbon cycle, phosphorus loss, dust emissions, eutrophication, and soil biodiversity.

A local climate perspective from Arctic towns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Esau ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Climate Anomalies ◽  
The Town

<p>Across the Arctic, human settlements are challenged by rapid climate change and a broad range of environmental transformations. Some of them, such as Barrow (Utqiagvik, Alaska), must relocate; others, such as Norilsk (Russia), must restructure and rebuild. This presentation reports on local climate anomalies in 118 circum-Arctic cities and towns. For several key towns, a nexus review of the environmental consequences of the local warm anomalies is detailed. Longyearbyen (Svalbard), Apatity and Nadym (Russia) are in focus. For instance, Longyearbyen – the European “gate” to the Arctic – experiences one of the stongest climate change. The surface air temperature here has increased by almost 10<sup>o</sup>C over the last 100 years with more than 100 consecutive months being warmer than normal. Snowfall increases threatening with hazardous slab snow avalanches. The last extreme heat wave (July, 2020) showed temperatures up to +21<sup>o</sup>C and massive flooding in the coal mine.  This study synthesizes observational evidence of the climate change in the town from a local perspective. We relate meteorological conditions with sustainability issues. The study looks at local climate diversity and its role for society and economy of the settlement.</p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gnp.6d37d95a95ff53531399061/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=6f7c4c5af7efaa6aca454aa2e20a1811&ct=x&pn=gnp.elif&d=1" alt=""></p>

Reconstructing Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years: A Reappraisal

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 233-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willie Soon ◽  
Sallie Baliunas ◽  
Craig Idso ◽  
Sherwood Idso ◽  
David R. Legates
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Climate Indicators ◽  
Climatic Period ◽  
History Of

The 1000-year climatic and environmental history of the Earth contained in various proxy records is examined. As indicators, the proxies duly represent or record aspects of local climate. Questions on the relevance and validity of the locality paradigm for climatological research become sharper as studies of climatic changes on timescales of 50–100 years or longer are pursued. This is because thermal and dynamical constraints imposed by local geography become increasingly important as the air-sea-land interaction and coupling timescales increase. Because the nature of the various proxy climate indicators are so different, the results cannot be combined into a simple hemispheric or global quantitative composite. However, considered as an ensemble of individual observations, an assemblage of the local representations of climate establishes the reality of both the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period as climatic anomalies with world-wide imprints, extending earlier results by Bryson et al. (1963), Lamb (1965), and numerous other research efforts. Furthermore, these individual proxies are used to determine whether the 20th century is the warmest century of the 2nd Millennium at a variety of globally dispersed locations. Many records reveal that the 20th century is likely not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium, although it is clear that human activity has significantly impacted some local environments.

scholarly journals Parodia e ironía como subversión de la tradición en el “Viaje a la oscura ciudad de Cacodelphia”

Acta Poética ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-167
Author(s):  
Eridania González Treviño ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Dante Alighieri ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Divine Comedy ◽  
General Context ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
The Divine Comedy ◽  
Leopoldo Marechal

This research presents an analysis of the dialog between parody and irony, as a gender and a literary modality respectively, through its subversion function in the “Seventh book (Journey the dark city of Cacodelphia)” of the novel Adán Buenosayres by the argentinean writer Leopoldo Marechal. This study starts with an introductory approach to the general context of the novel, where narrative structure, the positioning of the modern man as the hero of the 20th century are discussed, along with the implicit parody in the “Journey to the dark city of Cacodelphia” and its predominant irony, both as subversive elements of transgression of the represented literary canon, in this case by the “Hell” of the Divine comedy by Dante Alighieri.

Ozone-aerosol and land use reversed temperature increase over some northern mid-latitude regions between the 20th century and the Little Ice Age based on the CESM-LME

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362110417
Author(s):  
Jiapeng Miao ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Dabang Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Aerosol Forcing ◽  
Cooling Effects

Global warming is a widely concerned topic, and the surface temperature has shown an accelerated warming trend during the past several decades. From the perspective of a longer time scale, the 20th century (1900–2000) could be the warmest period in the last millennium, and the global or hemispheric averaged temperature over this period is higher than that over other centuries, particularly compared with that over the Little Ice Age (LIA; 1450–1850). However, we recently found that, in the reconstruction, the 20th-century temperature over some northern mid-latitude regions could be significantly lower than that during the LIA, which contradicts our previous perceptions regarding global warming. Modeling results from the Last Millennium Ensemble Project also reproduce a similar phenomenon, that is, the 20th-century cooling over some northern mid-latitude regions (CNMR). The simulated CNMR can be found in all four seasons. Further analysis indicates that the cooling effects from ozone-aerosol and land use forcings, overcoming greenhouse gas and solar forcing induced warming, play dominant roles in causing the CNMR. The ozone-aerosol forcing reduces the surface net shortwave flux through both direct aerosol–radiation interaction and atmosphere–cloud feedback, while the land use forcing causes negative net shortwave flux anomalies through modulation of surface albedo. Overall, the ozone-aerosol and land use forcings shape the CNMR phenomenon by inducing anomalous surface net shortwave flux, with the ozone-aerosol forcing playing a dominant role. This study highlights the important influences of ozone-aerosol and land use cooling effects on local climate.

scholarly journals Combining quantitative field and modelling approaches towards understanding landscape dynamics: an evolution of ideas spanning Jef Vandenberghe's research career

2012 ◽  
Vol 91 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Verstraeten
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Landscape Change ◽  
Landscape Evolution ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Landscape Dynamics ◽  
Tectonic Geomorphology ◽  
Research Career ◽  
Evolution Of Ideas ◽  
Geomorphic Processes

AbstractGeomorphology as a scientific discipline has underwent major developments since the mid 20th century. From its original descriptive nature aiming to understand landscape evolution, it developed towards a more process-based oriented discipline. To a large extent this evolution followed a quantitative approach whereby modelling becomes more and more important. A schism between applied or engineering geomorphology and system-based geomorphology aiming at understanding landscape change emerges in the 1950-1960's. Only at the end of the 20th century – early 21st century, integration of quantitative field-based approaches on longer term issues of landscape evolution with numerical modelling emerges. This is particularly true for the Holocene for which the importance of human impact on geomorphic processes and landforms became acknowledged. With respect to landscape evolution on much longer timescales, the development of tectonic geomorphology becomes apparent. In this paper, some evolution of ideas and trends within geomorphology with respect to understanding landscape dynamics are summarised and put into the career perspective of Jef Vandenberghe.

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