Epidemiological and economic evaluation of foot-and-mouth disease control strategies in the Netherlands.

A Markov chain model for a microcomputer is described in which the economic aspects of control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle and pig herds can be examined. Epidemiologically, the most favourable results for the Netherlands were obtained using the current strategy: annual vaccination of cattle combined with slaughtering of affected herds and ring vaccination. However, it is suggested that annual costs could be reduced considerably by ceasing routine prophylactic vaccination, provided that adequate measures are taken when outbreaks occur. It is concluded that the increased risk of export bans, not yet included in this simulation model, is unlikely to outweigh the benefits of reducing annual direct costs. All pathways and control strategy, cost elements and default values included in the model are tabulated as are the probable epidemiology during an outbreak, secondary outbreaks, total direct economic losses per outbreak and per year, and a results sensitivity analysis. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Modeling control of foot and mouth disease with two time delays

International Journal of Biomathematics ◽

10.1142/s179352451930001x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (04) ◽

pp. 1930001

Author(s):

Kassahun M. Tessema ◽

Faraimunashe Chirove ◽

Precious Sibanda

Keyword(s):

Time Delay ◽

Time Delays ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Equation Model ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Effective Control ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Prophylactic Vaccination ◽

Reactive Vaccination

We develop a delay ordinary differential equation model that captures the effects of prophylactic vaccination, reactive vaccination, prophylactic treatment and reactive culling on the spread of foot and mouth disease (FMD) with time delays. Simulation results from the study suggest that increasing time delay while increasing the control strategies decreases the burden of FMD. Further, the results reveal, that decreasing time delay while decreasing the control strategies increases the burden of FMD. The intermediate scenarios of either (i) increasing time delay while decreasing control or (ii) decreasing time delay while increasing control have intermediate effects on burden reduction. Thus, the implementation of effective control strategies combination can play an important role in mitigating against the FMD burden.

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Structural and molecular basis for foot-and-mouth disease virus neutralization by two potent protective antibodies

10.1101/2020.12.31.424923 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hu Dong ◽

Pan Liu ◽

Manyuan Bai ◽

Kang Wang ◽

Rui Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Therapeutic Benefit ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Protective Antibodies

Outbreaks of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) caused by FMD virus result in significant economic losses. Vaccination is helpful, but the benefits are diminished with antigenic diversity within serotypes, instability of the immunogen and inability to confer protection for long durations. Here we have further dissected the mechanisms underpinning the protective efficacy of two previously reported neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), M8 and M170. The atomic details of the epitopes of M8 and M170 unveiled suggest that protection is conferred by disrupting the virus-receptor interactions. Consequently, administration of these NAbs conferred prophylactic and therapeutic benefit in guinea pigs, raising the possibility of administering NAbs before or during vaccination to confer immediate protection; well before the bolstering of the immune response by the vaccine. Differences in the residues and the conformation of elements making up the epitopes explain the differences in specificities of M8 and M170. An ability to bind 146S viral particles specifically, but not 12S degraded components, highlights a likely role for M170 in the quality control of vaccines.

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3A modulates cellular innate immune responses to influence host tropism

Access Microbiology ◽

10.1099/acmi.ac2020.po0377 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (7A) ◽

Author(s):

Soumendu Chakravarti ◽

Caroline Wright ◽

Emma Howes ◽

Richard Kock ◽

Terry Jackson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Host Tropism ◽

C Terminus ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Species Specific

The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most significant diseases of livestock, leading to large economic losses due to reduced productivity and trade embargoes for areas not certified as disease-free. The picornavirus non-structural protein 3A is involved in replication of the viral RNA genome and is implicated in host tropism of several picornaviruses. Deletions in the C-terminus of 3A have been observed in FMDV outbreaks specific for swine and such viruses are non-pathogenic in cattle. The mechanism for species specific attenuation of FMDV is unknown. We have shown that FMDV containing a C-terminal deletion in 3A is attenuated in bovine cell culture and that the attenuated phenotype can be reversed by the JAK1/2 inhibitor Ruxolitinib (Rux), identifying a role for the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in the restricted bovine tropism of the 3A-deleted virus.

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Innate Immune Defenses Induced by CpG Do Not Promote Vaccine-Induced Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00018-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 1151-1157 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

M. P. Alves ◽

L. Guzylack-Piriou ◽

V. Juillard ◽

J.-C. Audonnet ◽

T. Doel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Large Scale ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Noticeable Effect ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Natural Hosts

ABSTRACT Emergency vaccination as part of the control strategies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has the potential to limit virus spread and reduce large-scale culling. To reduce the time between vaccination and the onset of immunity, immunostimulatory CpG was tested for its capacity to promote early protection against FMDV challenge in pigs. To this end, CpG 2142, an efficient inducer of alpha interferon, was injected intramuscularly. Increased transcription of Mx1, OAS, and IRF-7 was identified as a sensitive measurement of CpG-induced innate immunity, with increased levels detectable to at least 4 days after injection of CpG formulated with Emulsigen. Despite this, CpG combined with an FMD vaccine did not promote protection. Pigs vaccinated 2 days before challenge had disease development, which was at least as acute as that of unvaccinated controls. All pigs vaccinated 7 days before challenge were protected without a noticeable effect of CpG. In summary, our results demonstrate the caution required when translating findings from mouse models to natural hosts of FMDV.

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Rapid Engineering of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine and Challenge Viruses

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00155-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 91 (16) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Seo-Yong Lee ◽

Yeo-Joo Lee ◽

Rae-Hyung Kim ◽

Jeong-Nam Park ◽

Min-Eun Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Strain ◽

Antigenic Variation ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Virus Challenge ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT There are seven antigenically distinct serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), each of which has intratypic variants. In the present study, we have developed methods to efficiently generate promising vaccines against seven serotypes or subtypes. The capsid-encoding gene (P1) of the vaccine strain O1/Manisa/Turkey/69 was replaced with the amplified or synthetic genes from the O, A, Asia1, C, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 serotypes. Viruses of the seven serotype were rescued successfully. Each chimeric FMDV with a replacement of P1 showed serotype-specific antigenicity and varied in terms of pathogenesis in pigs and mice. Vaccination of pigs with an experimental trivalent vaccine containing the inactivated recombinants based on the main serotypes O, A, and Asia1 effectively protected them from virus challenge. This technology could be a potential strategy for a customized vaccine with challenge tools to protect against epizootic disease caused by specific serotypes or subtypes of FMDV. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) causes significant economic losses. For vaccine preparation, the selection of vaccine strains was complicated by high antigenic variation. In the present study, we suggested an effective strategy to rapidly prepare and evaluate mass-produced customized vaccines against epidemic strains. The P1 gene encoding the structural proteins of the well-known vaccine virus was replaced by the synthetic or amplified genes of viruses of seven representative serotypes. These chimeric viruses generally replicated readily in cell culture and had a particle size similar to that of the original vaccine strain. Their antigenicity mirrored that of the original serotype from which their P1 gene was derived. Animal infection experiments revealed that the recombinants varied in terms of pathogenicity. This strategy will be a useful tool for rapidly generating customized FMD vaccines or challenge viruses for all serotypes, especially for FMD-free countries, which have prohibited the import of FMDVs.

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An evaluation of alternate control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease in Australia: a regional approach

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/0167-5877(94)00433-j ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 23 (1-2) ◽

pp. 9-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

M.G. Garner ◽

M.B. Lack

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Regional Approach ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Alternate Control

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Development of Protective Immunity against Inactivated Iranian Isolate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O/IRN/2007 Using Gamma Ray-Irradiated Vaccine on BALB/c Mice and Guinea Pigs

Intervirology ◽

10.1159/000433538 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 190-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Farahnaz Motamedi-Sedeh ◽

Hoorieh Soleimanjahi ◽

Amir Reza Jalilian ◽

Homayoon Mahravani ◽

Kamalodin Shafaee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Fmdv Type

Objectives: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals and is the most damaging disease of livestock worldwide, leading to great economic losses. The aim of this research was the inactivation of FMDV type O/IRN/1/2007 to produce a gamma ray-irradiated (GRI) vaccine in order to immunize mice and guinea pigs. Methods: In this research, the Iranian isolated FMDV type O/IRN/1/2007 was irradiated by gamma ray to prepare an inactivated whole virus antigen and formulated as a GRI vaccine with unaltered antigenic characteristics. Immune responses against this vaccine were evaluated on mice and guinea pigs. Results: The comparison of the immune responses between the GRI vaccine and conventional vaccine did not show any significant difference in neutralizing antibody titer, memory spleen T lymphocytes or IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2 and IL-10 concentrations (p > 0.05). In contrast, there were significant differences in all of the evaluated immune factors between the two vaccinated groups of mice and negative control mice (p < 0.05). The protective dose 50 for the conventional and GRI vaccines obtained were 6.28 and 7.07, respectively, which indicated the high potency of both vaccines. Conclusion: GRI vaccine is suitable for both routine vaccination and control of FMDV in emergency outbreaks.

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