scholarly journals Possible use of alcohol vapors by inhalation in the treatment of COVID-19 in clinical ill patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1627
Author(s):  
Saif Ul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Lung Infection ◽  
Enveloped Viruses

Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is an effective chemical in denaturing enveloped viruses in vitro, including SARS-CoV-2. It is found that exposure of only 30 seconds is sufficient to deactivate the virus. Alcohol has never been used for the treatment of viral lung infection. However, alcohol vapors by inhalation are used for acute respiratory distress syndrome and alcohol withdrawals. This article aims to discuss the possibility of using the alcohol vapors by inhalation in the treatment of COVID-19 and other viral lung infection. So far, alcohol vapors by inhalation have never been used before to treat viral infection in the lungs. Therefore, there is no data, or clinical trials are available to report the finding, but theoretically, it seems a possibility.  

Nitric oxide and interval hypoxic training in COVID-19 rehabilitation— new research direction

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Tatyana Nikolaevna Tsyganova ◽  
Egor Egorov ◽  
Tamara Nikolaevna Voronina
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Hypoxic Training

COVID-19, a disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, primarily affects lung tissue and disrupts gas exchange, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic hypoxia, and lung damage. The search for methods of prevention and rehabilitation, especially after suffering from pneumonia caused by COVID-19, is on the agenda. This article discusses the possibilities of the interval hypoxic training (IHT) method for preventing infections by initiating nitric oxide production in the body. One of the main effects of IHT is the balanced stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) secretion. Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the function of nitric oxide (NO) in the human body. Nitric oxide plays a key role in maintaining normal vascular function and regulating inflammatory processes, including those leading to lung damage and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Our immune system destroys bacteria and viruses by oxidative burst, i.e. when oxygen accumulates inside the cell. This process also involves nitric oxide, a signaling molecule that has an antibacterial and antiviral effect, as well as regulates vascular tone and affects the permeability of the cell wall. Interval hypoxytherapy enhances endogenous oxidative protection and increases the amount of nitric oxide, thus allowing the body’s cells to resist infection more effectively. Mitochondrial NOS induction and mitochondrial NO synthesis increase under the action of pathogenic factors on the cell. By modulating the activity of mtNOS and the synthesis of mitochondrial NO, it is possible to increase the resistance to hypoxic effects. Interval hypo-hyperoxic training as an effective non-specific method of increasing the body’s defenses is indispensable not only in the prevention of viral infection, but also in rehabilitation after viral pneumonia, as well as as a method that reduces the severity of viral infection in the event of infection.

scholarly journals Identification of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome subphenotypes denovo using routine clinical data: a retrospective analysis of ARDS clinical trials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit Duggal ◽  
Rachel kast ◽  
Emily Van Ark ◽  
Lucas Bulgarelli ◽  
Matthew Siuba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Clinical Variables ◽  
Optimal Separation ◽  
Precision Therapy

Rationale: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogenous condition, and identification of subphenotypes may help in better risk stratification. Objectives: Identify ARDS subphenotypes using new simpler methodology and readily available clinical variables. Design: Retrospective Cohort Study of ARDS trials. Setting: Data from the U.S. ARDSNet trials and from the international ART trial. Participants: 3763 patients from ARDSNet datasets and 1010 patients from the ART dataset. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The primary outcome was 60-day or 28-day mortality, depending on what was reported in the original trial. K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify subgroups. For feature selection, sets. Sets of candidate variables were tested to assess their ability to produce different probabilities for mortality in each cluster. Clusters were compared to biomarker data, allowing identification of subphenotypes. Results: Data from 4,773 patients was analyzed. Two subphenotypes (A and B) resulted in optimal separation in the final model, which included nine routinely collected clinical variables, namely: heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, bilirubin, bicarbonate, creatinine, PaO2, arterial pH, and FiO2. Participants in subphenotype B showed increased levels of pro-inflammatory markers, had consistently higher mortality, lower number of ventilator-free days at day 28, and longer duration of ventilation compared to patients in the subphenotype A. Conclusions: Routinely available clinical data can successfully identify two distinct subphenotypes in adult ARDS patients. This work may facilitate implementation of precision therapy in ARDS clinical trials.

scholarly journals Cannabidiol Modulates Cytokine Storm in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Simulated Viral Infection Using Synthetic RNA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesam Khodadadi ◽  
Évila Lopes Salles ◽  
Abbas Jarrahi ◽  
Fairouz Chibane ◽  
Vincenzo Costigliola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Cytokine Storm

What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Moss ◽  
Polly E. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Major Illness

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury which usually occurs within 24 hours of a major illness or injury. Unfortunately a clear definition of ARDS does not presently exist, and the variability in the diagnostic criteria may impact on the results of clinical trials for ARDS and our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this syndrome. In this article the history of ARDS is reviewed and a few of the definitions that have evolved over wtime are explored in depth. In addition, several controversies with these existing defiitions are discussed.

scholarly journals Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction Using an in vitro Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Y. Mahida ◽  
Aaron Scott ◽  
Dhruv Parekh ◽  
Sebastian T. Lugg ◽  
Kylie B. R. Belchamber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Alveolar Macrophage ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Lung Resection ◽  
Macrophage Dysfunction

Background: Impaired alveolar macrophage (AM) efferocytosis may contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) pathogenesis; however, studies are limited by the difficulty in obtaining primary AMs from patients with ARDS. Our objective was to determine whether an in vitro model of ARDS can recapitulate the same AM functional defect observed in vivo and be used to further investigate pathophysiological mechanisms.Methods: AMs were isolated from the lung tissue of patients undergoing lobectomy and then treated with pooled bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid previously collected from patients with ARDS. AM phenotype and effector functions (efferocytosis and phagocytosis) were assessed by flow cytometry. Rac1 gene expression was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR.Results: ARDS BAL treatment of AMs decreased efferocytosis (p = 0.0006) and Rac1 gene expression (p = 0.016); however, bacterial phagocytosis was preserved. Expression of AM efferocytosis receptors MerTK (p = 0.015) and CD206 (p = 0.006) increased, whereas expression of the antiefferocytosis receptor SIRPα decreased following ARDS BAL treatment (p = 0.036). Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition partially restored AM efferocytosis in an in vitro model of ARDS (p = 0.009).Conclusions: Treatment of lung resection tissue AMs with ARDS BAL fluid induces impairment in efferocytosis similar to that observed in patients with ARDS. However, AM phagocytosis is preserved following ARDS BAL treatment. This specific impairment in AM efferocytosis can be partially restored by inhibition of ROCK. This in vitro model of ARDS is a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms by which the inflammatory alveolar microenvironment of ARDS induces AM dysfunction.

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