scholarly journals IOP change after phacoemulsification with PCIOL implantation and its association with ocular biometric parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-470
Author(s):  
Sharah Rahman ◽  
Jalal Ahmed ◽  
Anisur Rahman ◽  
Ishtiaque Anwar ◽  
Tarzia Asma Zafrullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Posterior Chamber ◽  
Biometric Parameters ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Applanation Tonometer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

: To assess the impact on intraocular pressure (IOP) after Phacoemulsification (PE) with Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens (PCIOL) implantation and its relation with ocular biometric parameters. The study was a prospective observational study included 524 eyes with normal IOP (11-21 mmHg) who underwent uneventful Phacoemulsification with PCIOL Implantation surgery for age-related cataract. IOP, Central Corneal Thickness (CCT), Anterior Chamber Depth (ACD), Axial Length (AL) were measured pre-operatively and one month post-operatively by Goldman Applanation Tonometer, Corneal Pachymeter and Optical Coherence Biometer, respectively. The post-operative IOP change and its relation with preoperative biometric parameters were determined.: The mean pre-operative and post-operative IOP was 13.44±1.98 & 11.54±1.66mmHg, respectively, with an average IOP reduction after one month of 1.90±0.61mmHg. The mean pre-operative and post-operative ACD was 3.27±0.24 and 3.66±0.27 mm, respectively, with an average increase of 0.39 ±0.3 mm. Paired t-test showed post-operative IOP reduction was significantly associated with preoperative IOP (p<0.001) and ACD (p<0.001). But CCT and AL were not significantly associated. The linear regression analysis confirmed the proportional reduction of post-operative IOP, r 0.921. So 92.1% of the preoperative IOP is proportional to post-operative IOP reduction. The graphical representation shows more the pre-operative IOP, more the post-operative IOP reduction.: IOP is significantly reduced, and ACD increased after PE with PCIOL implantation surgery and is associated with post-operative IOP reduction. The post-operative IOP reduction is proportional to pre-operative IOP, and more the preoperative IOP, more the post-operative IOP reduction.

scholarly journals Comprasion of ICare Rebound Tonometer and Goldmann Applanation Tonometer in High Myopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Huseyin Cagatay ◽  
Metin Ekinci ◽  
Zeliha Yazar ◽  
Gokcen Gokce ◽  
Erdinc Ceylan
Keyword(s):  
High Myopia ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Rebound Tonometer ◽  
Goldmann Applanation Tonometer ◽  
Applanation Tonometer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Icare Rebound Tonometer

Purpose.To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements with the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) and the ICare rebound tonometer (RBT) in high myopic eyes.Patients and Methods. This randomized prospective study included 40 eyes of 40 patients with high myopia. All patients’ central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AXL), keratometry, and refractive measurements were recorded and followed by IOP measurement with RBT and GAT.Results. The average CCT, AXL, and ACD were determined to be514.65±32 μm,27.65±2.22 mm, and3.25±0.51 mm, respectively. MeanKwas43.27±1.4 D and mean spherical equivalent was-11.31±4.30 D. The mean IOP values obtained by RBT and GAT were17.18±3.72 mmHg and16.48±3.19 mmHg, respectively. The deviations of RBT readings from corrected GAT values were highly correlated with CCT values (r=0.588,P=0.0001). The mean corrected GAT reading was17.49±3.01 mmHg. Linear regression analysis showed that a CCT change of 10 μm resulted in an RBT reading deviation of 0.57 mmHg. The Bland-Altman scatter-plot and McNemar test showed a clinically good level of agreement between the two tonometers.Conclusion. This study found a good agreement level between the two tonometers in high myopic patients and that RBT measurements are influenced by CCT variations.

scholarly journals Quantification of Ocular Parameters To Create An Anatomical Eye Model for The Japanese Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takushi Kawamorita ◽  
Hiroshi Uozato ◽  
Tetsuro Oshika ◽  
Kazuno Negishi ◽  
Takashi Fujikado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Minimum Angle ◽  
Refractive Correction ◽  
Corneal Asphericity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Posterior Corneal Curvature

Abstract This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the eye shape and visual function of Japanese people through a multicenter approach and to create a Japanese model eye. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA, respectively) in the log minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), subjective and objective spherical equivalent values (SE) of ocular refraction, anterior and posterior corneal curvature (ACC and PCC, respectively), anterior and posterior corneal asphericity (ACA and PCA, respectively), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and ocular axial length (AL) were measured in the eyes of 250 participants (mean age = 46.5 ± 18.0 years, range: 20–90 years) across five institutions in Japan. The mean UDVA, CDVA, subjective SE, objective SE, ACC, PCC, ACA, PCA, CCT, ACD, and AL were 0.68, -0.08, -2.42 D, -2.66 D, 7.77 mm, 6.33 mm, -0.31, -0.39, 0.55 mm, 2.92 mm, and 24.78 mm, respectively. Age-related changes and sex-based differences were observed in the visual acuity, refraction, corneal shape, ACD, and AL. Although the sample size needs to be increased, the results of this study can be applied to the development of refractive correction methods and various vision-related fields.

Evaluation of biometric parameters in phacomorphic glaucoma and mature cataracts

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212091453
Author(s):  
Ali Keleş ◽  
Emine Şen ◽  
Ufuk Elgin
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Mature Cataract ◽  
Biometric Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: The aims of this study were to compare the biometric parameters and axial lengths of eyes with phacomorphic glaucoma and mature cataract and to identify differences that might predispose to development of phacomorphic glaucoma. Methods: Three hundred forty-two patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The eyes were divided into four groups—Group (G)1: phacomorphic glaucoma ( n = 29), G2: mature cataract ( n = 313), G3: contralateral phacomorphic glaucoma ( n = 29), and G4: contralateral mature cataract ( n = 313). Central corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth were assessed by optical low-coherence reflectometry (Lenstar LS 900®; Haag-Streit AG, Switzerland), while axial length was determined by A-scan ultrasound biometry. Results: The mean central corneal thickness of G1 was significantly higher than in other groups ( p < 0.001) and the mean anterior chamber depth of G1 was the lowest among the groups ( p < 0.001). Also, G2 had lower mean anterior chamber depth than G4 ( p < 0.001) and G3 had lower mean anterior chamber depth than G4 ( p = 0.007). Anterior chamber depth less than 3.27 mm had the higher odds ratio for distinguishing G3 versus G4 (odds ratio = 10.79, p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients aged ⩾68.9 years had the higher odds ratio for distinguishing G1 versus G2 (odds ratio = 2.82, p = 0.019). There was no significant difference in the presence of pseudoexfoliation material between G1 and G2 ( p = 0.057). There were no significant differences in axial length values among the four groups ( p = 0.097). Conclusion: Advanced age and shallow anterior chamber depth were found to be risk factors for developing phacomorphic glaucoma, but the presence of pseudoexfoliation material was not found to play a role as a risk factor in phacomorphic glaucoma development.

scholarly journals Distribution of ocular biometric parameters and optimal model of anterior chamber depth regression in 28,709 adult cataract patients in China using swept‐source optical biometry

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Lei ◽  
Haixia Tu ◽  
Xi Feng ◽  
Julio Ortega-Usobiaga ◽  
Danmin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Biometric Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cataract Patients

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ocular biometric parameters in adult cataract patients from China and create an anterior chamber depth (ACD) regression model. Methods The ocular biometric records of 28,709 right eyes of cataract surgery candidates who were treated at Aier Eye Hospitals in nine cities from 2018 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. All measurements were taken with IOLMaster 700. We included patients who were at least 40 years old and were diagnosed with cataract. Results The mean age of the patients was 68.6 ± 11.0 years. The mean values recorded were as follows: axial length (AL), 24.17 ± 2.47 mm; mean keratometry (Km) value, 44.26 ± 1.70 D; corneal astigmatism (CA), 1.06 ± 0.96 D; ACD, 3.02 ± 0.45 mm; lens thickness (LT), 4.52 ± 0.45 mm; central corneal thickness (CCT), 0.534 ± 0.04 mm; and white to white (WTW) corneal diameter, 11.64 ± 0.46 mm. ACD correlated positively with AL (Spearman coefficient, 0.544) and WTW (0.300), but negatively with LT (-0.660) and age (-0.285) (all P < 0.01). In the multivariate regression analysis of ACD, which included LT, AL, WTW, sex, Km, CCT, and age, there was a reasonable prediction with adjusted R2 = 0.641. Conclusions Cataract patients with longer AL and wider WTW have deeper ACD. With increasing age and lens thickening ACD becomes shallower. Based on the standardized coefficients of ACD multivariate regression analysis from the study, LT is the main factor that affects ACD, and is followed by AL.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Anterior Chamber Depth in 28,709 Adult Cataract Patients in China using Swept-Source Optical Biometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Lei ◽  
Haixia Tu ◽  
Xi Feng ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cataract Patients

Abstract Background: To create an anterior chamber depth (ACD) regression model for adult cataract surgery candidates from China, and to evaluate the distribution of their ocular biometric parameters.Methods: The ocular biometric records of 28,709 right eyes of cataract surgery candidates who were treated at Aier Eye Hospitals in nine cities from 2018 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. All measurements were taken with IOLMaster 700. We included patients who were at least 40 years old and were diagnosed with cataract.Results: The mean age of the patients was 68.6 ± 11.0 years. The mean values recorded were as follows: axial length (AL), 24.17 ± 2.47 mm; mean keratometry (Km) value, 44.09 ± 3.25 D; corneal astigmatism (CA), 1.06 ± 0.98 D; ACD, 3.02 ± 0.45 mm; lens thickness (LT), 4.52 ± 0.45 mm; central corneal thickness (CCT), 0.534 ± 0.04 mm; and white to white (WTW) corneal diameter, 11.64 ± 0.46 mm. The proportion of patients with long axial length (AL >25 mm) decreased with age. ACD, LT, AL, Km, WTW, and age were correlated. In the multivariate regression analysis of ACD, which included LT, AL, WTW, sex, Km, CCT, and age, there was a reasonable prediction with adjusted R2 = 0.629.Conclusions: The results show that high myopes are inclined to schedule cataract surgery at a younger age. LT and AL were found to be important factors that affect ACD. This study provides reference data for cataract patients from China.

​Short-term changes in and preoperative factors affecting vaulting after posterior chamber phakic Implantable Collamer Lens implantation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiujian Zhu ◽  
Wen-Jing Chen ◽  
Wei-Jian Zhu ◽  
Hai-Xiang Xiao ◽  
Man-Hui Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Crystalline Lens ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Posterior Chamber ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Implantable Collamer Lens ◽  
Factors Affecting

Abstract Background: To describe the very early changes in vault in the first month after Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implantation and to evaluate the effect of preoperative biometric factors on vault.Methods: A total of 83 eyes from 83 subjects with complete data who met follow-up requirements were recruited in this retrospective study between May 2019 and March 2020. We quantitatively assessed postoperative vault at 2 hours, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month following implantation. Associations between postoperative vault and age, ICL size, spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), flat K, steep K, mean K, anterior chamber depth (ACD), crystalline lens thickness (LT), white-to-white (WTW) diameter obtained by three devices, horizontal and vertical sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) diameter, bright and dark pupil sizes (BPS and DPS) and DPS-BPS were investigated using Spearman’s correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis.Results: The mean vault values at 2 hours, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after ICL implantation were 672.05 ± 30.72, 389.15 ± 28.33, 517.23 ± 30.76 and 530.12 ± 30.22 μm, respectively. There were significant differences in vault values between 2 hours, 1 day and 1 week after the operation. ICL size (β = 0.942; p < 0.001), followed by horizontal STS (β = -0.517; p < 0.001), crystalline LT (β = -0.376; p < 0.001) and vertical STS (β = -0.257; p = 0.017), significantly influenced vault at 1 month after the operation. The multiple regression equation was expressed as follows: central vault (μm) = -1369.05+ 657.121 × ICL size- 287.408 × horizontal STS - 432.497 × crystalline LT - 137.33 × vertical STS (adjusted R2 = 0.643).Conclusions: After ICL implantation, vault decreased and then increased, but it did not return to the vault value at 2 hours after surgery. ICL size, horizontal and vertical STS and crystalline LT were key factors for predicting postoperative vaulting.

scholarly journals Ultrasound-based examination of the medial ligament complex shows gender- and age-related differences in laxity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Lutz ◽  
Matthias J. Feucht ◽  
Judith Wechselberger ◽  
Michael Rasper ◽  
Wolf Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Medial Knee ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Joint Width ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Ultrasound (US) examination of the medial joint space of the knee has played a subordinate diagnostic role up till now. The purpose of the present study was to describe mean values of medial joint width and to investigate the impact of gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) on medial joint laxity in healthy knees using modern, dynamic US in a standardized fashion in unloaded and standardized loaded conditions. Methods A total of 65 subjects with 79 healthy knees were enrolled in this study. All volunteers underwent clinical examination of the knee. The medial knee joint width was determined using US in a supine position at 0° and 30° of knee flexion in unloaded and standardized loaded (= 15 Dekanewton, daN) conditions using a specific device. Mean values were described and correlations between medial knee joint width and gender, age, and BMI were assessed. Results Thirty-two females and 33 males were enrolled in this study. The mean medial joint width in 0° unloaded was 5.7 ± 1.2 mm and 7.4 ± 1.4 mm loaded. In 30° of knee flexion, the mean medial joint width was 6.1 ± 1.1 mm unloaded and 7.8 ± 1.2 mm loaded. The average change between unloaded and loaded conditions in 0° was 1.7 ± 1.0 mm and in 30° 1.7 ± 0.9 mm. A significant difference between genders was evident for medial joint width in 0° and 30° of flexion in unloaded and loaded conditions (p < 0.05). With rising age, a significant increased change of medial joint space width between unloaded and loaded conditions could be demonstrated in 0° (p = 0.032). No significant correlation between BMI and medial joint width in US could be found. Conclusion Mean values of medial joint width in unloaded and standardized loaded conditions using a fixation device could be demonstrated. Based on the results of this study, medial knee joint width in US is gender- and age-related in healthy knees. These present data may be useful for evaluating patients with acute or chronic pathologies to the medial side of the knee. Level of evidence III.

Self-measurement with Icare HOME tonometer, patients’ feasibility and acceptability

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Cvenkel ◽  
Makedonka Atanasovska Velkovska ◽  
Vesna Dimovska Jordanova
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Pressure Data ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Goldmann Applanation Tonometer ◽  
Applanation Tonometer ◽  
Perception Of Self ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the accuracy of self-measurement of intraocular pressure using Icare Home rebound tonometer with Goldmann applanation tonometer and assess acceptability of self-tonometry in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Methods: In the study, 117 subjects were trained to use Icare Home for self-measurement. Icare Home tonometer readings were compared with Goldmann applanation tonometer, including one eye per patient. Agreement between the two methods of measurement was evaluated by Bland and Altmann analysis. Questionnaire was used to evaluate patients’ perception of self-tonometry. Results: One hundred and three out of 117 patients (88%) were able to measure their own intraocular pressure and 96 (82%) fulfilled the requirements for certification. The mean (SD) difference Goldmann applanation tonometer minus Icare Home was 1.2 (2.4) mmHg (95% limits of agreement, –3.4 to 5.9 mmHg). The magnitude of bias between the two methods depended on central corneal thickness, with greater bias at central corneal thickness <500 µm. In 65 out of 96 subjects (67.7%), Icare Home results were within 2 mmHg of the Goldmann applanation tonometer. Seventy-three out of 93 (78.5%) felt that self-tonometry was easy to use and 75 patients (80.6%) responded that they would use the device at home. Conclusion: Icare Home tonometry tends to slightly underestimate intraocular pressure compared to Goldmann applanation tonometer. Most patients were able to perform self-tonometry and found it acceptable for home use. Measurements using rebound self-tonometry could improve the quality of intraocular pressure data and optimize treatment regimen.

scholarly journals Analysis of Lens Thickness Distribution Based on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Xi Feng ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Jianheng Liang ◽  
Yali Xu ◽  
Julio Ortega-Usobiaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Biometric Data ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cataract Patients

Objective. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of lens thickness (LT) and its associations in age-related cataract patients based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods. This cross-sectional study included 59,726 Chinese age-related cataract patients. Only right-eye data were included in the study. Repeated measures of ocular parameters were performed using an IOL Master 700 device. The distributions of ocular biometric data including anterior chamber depth (ACD), LT, axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), white-to-white (WTW), and mean keratometry (MK) and their associations with age were assessed. The anterior segment (AS) was measured as the sum of CCT, ACD, and LT, while the vitreous chamber depth (VCD) was calculated as the difference between AL and AS. The values of LT : AL, AS : AL, and VCD : AL in different AL groups and their changes are the main outcome measures used to observe the proportion of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Results. Biometric data were available for 59,726 individuals. The mean age was 68.81 years (range = 40–100); 40.62% were male and 59.38% were female. Mean anterior chamber depth (ACD) was 3.02 ± 0.44 mm, mean LT was 4.51 ± 0.44 mm, mean axial length (AL) was 23.89 ± 1.92 mm, mean central corneal thickness (CCT) was 0.53 ± 0.03 mm, mean white-to-white (WTW) was 11.64 ± 0.44 mm, and mean keratometry (MK) was 44.27 ± 1.65 diopter. Female patients had shorter AL, shallower ACD, smaller CCT and WTW, decreased LT, and steeper corneas ( p  < 0.005). ACD revealed the strongest negative correlation ( p  ≤ 0.001, r = –0.682) with LT. Age ( p  ≤ 0.001, r = 0.348) showed a moderate positive correlation, whereas MK ( p  ＜ 0.05, r = 0.011), CCT ( p  ≤ 0.001, r = 0.041) had a weak positive correlation and WTW ( p  ≤ 0.001, r = –0.034) had a weak negative correlation with LT. A nonlinear correlation was found between LT and AL. LT increased with age in both males and females. LT changed variably in eyes with AL less than 27 mm, LT decreased as AL increased, then LT gradually increased as AL increased in extremely long and extra-long eyes ( p  ≤ 0.001). LT : AL and AS : AL decreased as AL increased, VCD : AL gradually increased as AL increased in highly myopic eyes, and VCD : AL increased by about 0.01 for every 1 mm increase in AL. Conclusions. Among Chinese age-related cataract patients, we found LT to have the strongest relation with ACD. The lens was thicker in elderly patients and women. The correlation between LT and AL is not a simple negative correlation; with the increase of age, LT decreases first and then increases. The proportion of VCD is constantly rising with the elongation of AL.

scholarly journals Pain knowledge of patients and family caregivers as predictors of pain management outcomes in cancer patients: a multicenter study in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Ma ◽  
Wenhua Yu ◽  
Yuhan Lu ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Pain Questionnaire ◽  
Patient Pain ◽  
Pain Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Strong Opioids ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose The purposes of this study were to evaluate the current situation of pain management outcomes, patients’ pain knowledge and family caregivers’ pain knowledge in China. And explore the impact of pain knowledge of patients and family caregivers on pain management outcomes.Methods A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 410 patient-family caregiver dyads completed questionnaires, which included basic characters of patients and family caregivers, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), the Pain Knowledge subscales of Patient Pain Questionnaire(PPQ) and Family Pain Questionnaire(FPQ). The difference in pain management outcomes was analyzed using the two independent-samples t test, one way ANOVA analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Variables with statistical significance in bivariate analysis were included in multivariable linear regression analysis.Results The majority of the patients were male (57.1%), with the mean (SD) age of 59.34 (12.59). And strong opioids has been prescribed for 72.4% of the patients. The mean (SD) age of 410 family caregivers was 48.25(13.27) and nearly half of participants were female (54.9%). The average patient pain score in the last 24h was 3.23(SD = 2.16). The total average score on pain knowledge of 410 patients and family caregivers were 3.60 ± 1.90 and 3.57 ± 1.76. Taking strong opioids, patients’ perceived moderate performance, patients’ pain knowledge and family caregivers’ pain knowledge were the main factors influencing the pain management outcomes.Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that patients pain are at a moderate level and not satisfactory. Pain knowledge of patients and family caregivers are also at a moderate level. Moreover, this study reveals that pain management outcomes are obviously influenced by analgesics, performance status and pain knowledge of patients and family caregivers. Advancing pain management by standardizing and individualizing pain treatment, implementing tailored education program to patients and family caregivers are important to improve cancer pain management outcomes.

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