Our seven years experience of rural cervical cancer screening in Lucknow, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Jata Shanker Misra ◽  
Anand Narain Srivastava ◽  
Shivani Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Carcinoma Cervix ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Screening Programs

This study was undertaken with aim to create awareness among rural women regarding hazards and risk factors of carcinoma cervix and offering single life time cytological screening for early detection of the disease. This was essential as majority of the rural women were illiterate and have poor personal genital hygiene. The present screening program was planned through organizing camps by counseling and motivating 100 women from each village for undergoing Pap smear examination. During last 7 years, a total of 186 camps have been organized in three Blocks of Lucknow, India and 2949 of the 5286 women attending the camps underwent Pap test. Cytological findings were analyzed in these 2949 women in relation to different risk factors of the disease.The squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix (SIL) were seen in 498 cases (16.8%) while atypical squamous epithelial changes of unknown significance (ASCUS) were observed in only 234 (8.2%). The SIL incidence was found high for all risk factors of cervical cancer like young age, multiparity and vaginal discharge. Candida albicans was found more common and associated with inflammatory and SIL conditions of cervix.The organization of rural cervical cancer screening programs through camp approach and offering single life time cytological examination of cervical smears in rural women may prove very effective in the detection of large number of SIL cases, the adequate treatment of which will check the progression of the disease and minimize the incidence of carcinoma cervix and associated mortality in rural India.

scholarly journals CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN RURAL WOMEN POPULATION OF LUCKNOW WEST, INDIA: PROBLEMS AND BENEFITS

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
J. S. Misra ◽  
A. N. Srivastava ◽  
Shivani Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Major Health Problem

Carcinoma cervix is a major health problem faced by Indian women and situation is very alarming in rural population because of illiteracy and poverty. There is urgent need of creating awareness regarding the risk factors of cervical cancer such as early marriage and multiparity in the rural women and the importance of early detection of the cervical cancer. With aim for providing single life time Pap smear cover to the rural women, cervical cancer screening program was initiated in May 2013 by Era's Lucknow, Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, through organizing camps in the villages of Lucknow ,west. Till December 2019, a total of 183 camps have been organized and 5209 women attended these camps (28.5%). Pap smear examination could be done in only 2912 women (55.9%). The incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix (SIL) was found to be very high in these women (17.1%) though majority of SIL were of low grade (LSIL). This may be related to the poor personal genital hygiene prevailing in rural women due to illiteracy. In the present review, the SIL incidence has been extensively analyzed in relation to different predisposing factors of cervical carcinogenesis and problems faced during camp organization and the benefits derived from these camps to rural women have been highlighted.

scholarly journals Awareness of carcinoma cervix in nursing personnel of a tertiary care institute, Mumbai, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Pooja K. Bandekar ◽  
Prashant B. Kale
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Carcinoma ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Carcinoma Cervix ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Screening Programs

Background: Carcinoma cervix is the second most common cancer of women all over the world and commonest cancer among Indian women. Awareness about cervical cancer and its prevention low amongst Indian women. The Pap test is a simple cost-effective technique for screening to help early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Nursing staff should be made aware of cervical cancer, so that they can spread the knowledge to the general public. Objectives of present study were to assess the knowledge level regarding symptoms, risk factors, prevention and screening of cervical carcinoma among nursing staff and to find out the behaviour of respondents regarding prevention and screening of cervical carcinomaMethods: A cross-sectional interview-based survey regarding knowledge of cervical carcinoma was conducted among the nursing staff of a tertiary care institutes of Mumbai.A structured questionnaire with multiple choices was used as a tool for data collection. Provision for open-ended responses was also made in the questionnaire. 100 nurses participated in the current study. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel. SPSS statistical software was used to generate statistical parameters like proportion, mean, standard deviation, etc. The test of significance used was the Z test and a P value of <0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: We lack an organized opportunistic screening program for cervical cancer in India. Data indicates a slow, but steady, decline in the incidence of cervical cancer. However, the rates are still too high, particularly in the rural areas. It is extremely essential to screen eligible women when they come to health units for other services. Studies have shown it is possible to train nurses to screen for cervical cancer. Attitudes that screening is to be done by doctors or gynaecologists only needs to change. The survey revealed that the hospital played a limited role as a source of information on Pap smear. This calls for a re-orientation of nurses, paramedicals and health workers and a need for introduction of simpler cervical cancer screening methods such as visual inspections that are more sustainableConclusions: Awareness about cervical cancer has to be improved. Education of the nursing personel will strongly contribute to strengthen cervical cancer screening programs. Nursing staff can and should educate the masses to help increase health awareness in women.

Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers regarding cervical cancer and its screening using Pap smear, in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, Fiji.

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaran Naidu ◽  
Gillian Heller ◽  
George Qalomaiwasa ◽  
Sheetal Naidu ◽  
Rajat Gyaneshwar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Fiji has a high rate of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women in the country. Less than 10% of women are screened for cervical cancer in Fiji.In this paper we report the result of a study on Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers (KAPB) to cervical cancer and its screening with Pap smears, conducted on 1505 rural women in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> To assess the knowledge, attitudes, practice and barriers to cervical cancer and it’s screening with Pap smears in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Structured questionnaires were administered to women presenting to a rural outreach Reproductive Health education and clinics, by trained health educators to ascertain their Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice and Barriers to cervical cancer and its screening with Pap smears.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Seventy two percent of rural women had no knowledge of cervical cancer and 80% had no knowledge of the risk factors of cervical cancer. Lack of knowledge was significantly different for age groups (p=0.006), education levels and employment status(p&lt;0.001) and ethnicity  (p=0.022). Those groups with lowest knowledge were teenagers (18 to 19 years); those with less education; and iTaukei respondents. Of the respondents who had at least some knowledge of the Pap smear, 75% had had a Pap test. Of those who had no knowledge of the Pap smear, only 45% had had the test (p&lt;0.001). Of those who did not have a Pap smear the commonest barrier was lack of knowledge at 46.3% and fear of procedure was 29.4%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: More education is required to acquaint women in rural Fiji about cervical cancer, its associated risk factors as well as the benefits of cervical cancer screening programs and other prevention strategies. </p>

Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in the Dominican Republic: Perspectives of Focus Group Participants in the Santo Domingo Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica J. Liebermann ◽  
Nancy VanDevanter ◽  
Taraneh Shirazian ◽  
Natalia Frías Gúzman ◽  
Mimi Niles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Barriers And Facilitators ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
Pap Screening ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the Dominican Republic, and high rates persist despite existing Pap smear screening programs. The purpose of this study was to explore Dominican women’s knowledge and attitudes regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, cervical cancer screening practices, and perceived barriers and facilitators to early detection of cervical cancer. Method: Six focus groups ( N = 64) were conducted in Spanish in urban, suburban, and rural locations, in private and public school settings, community and workplace settings, in or near Santo Domingo, as part of a larger study on barriers and facilitators to HPV vaccine implementation. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and translated from Spanish to English. Qualitative data analysis used inductive and deductive approaches. Results: Knowledge regarding HPV and cervical cancer varied across groups, but all agreed there was significant stigma and fear regarding HPV. Most women reported having Pap screening at least yearly. Follow-up of abnormal Pap testing was less consistent, with cost and uncertainty about provider recommendations identified as barriers. Discussion: Broader examination of provider-level and health system barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer prevention in the Dominican Republic is essential, in order to inform interventions to improve the effectiveness of cervical cancer screening and treatment programs and reduce preventable deaths.

Factors Affecting Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among Clinic Attendees in Trelawny, Jamaica

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bessler ◽  
Maung Aung ◽  
Pauline Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Attitudes And Practices

Background Use of the Pap test has resulted in a decline in cervical cancer mortality in developed countries. Yet, despite established cervical cancer screening programs, a significant portion of Jamaican women are not undergoing screening for cervical cancer. This study was carried out to identify factors that affect Jamaican women's decisions to screen for cervical cancer. Methods A population survey was administered to 367 clinic-attending women 25 to 54 years of age in the Parish of Trelawny from May to July of 2005. An interviewer-administered questionnaire assessed the women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening. Results Overall, 11% of the women had never had a Pap smear and only 38% had a Pap test within the last year. Annual visits to a health provider have a strong influence on women's decisions to regularly screen for cervical cancer. Provider recommendation also positively affected initial receipt of a Pap smear as well as continued regular screening. Conclusions Programs that promote annual health checkups, encourage consistent provider recommendations, and emphasize screening as a preventive measure might positively influence women's decisions to screen for cervical cancer.

Barriers to cervical cancer screening in rural Mexico

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Watkins ◽  
C. Gabali ◽  
M. Winkleby ◽  
E. Gaona ◽  
S. Lebaron
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Cervical cancer is a major health problem in Mexico. The national mortality rate due to cervical cancer was estimated at 21.8 per 100,000 among women over 15 years of age in 1994. Reasons for this high prevalence have not been defined, although it may be influenced by lack of access to health care, lack of knowledge about the Pap procedure, or cultural beliefs. While some studies have examined barriers to Pap screening, most have focused on urban samples. We conducted a pilot study using direct interviews to learn about factors that may influence cervical cancer screening among rural Mexican women. We interviewed 97 rural women between the ages of 16 and 66 and found that 52% had not received a Pap smear within the last 2 years (of that group, 62% had never received a Pap smear). In our sample, the most frequent reason for not obtaining a Pap smear was anxiety regarding physical privacy (50%). Less frequent reasons were lack of knowledge (18%) and difficulty accessing health care (14%). Women who had delivered children were significantly more likely to have received a Pap smear (71%) than women who had no children (10%), P < 0.05. The responses of many women suggest that compliance with cervical cancer screening would be enhanced by addressing cultural beliefs, encouraging conversations about women's health issues, and increasing the number of female health care providers.

scholarly journals United Kingdom cervical cancer screening and the costs of time and travel

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Woolley ◽  
Zoë Philips ◽  
David K. Whynes ◽  
Seonaidh C. Cotton ◽  
Nicola M. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Two Samples

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the time and travel costs generated by women when attending for Papanicolaou (Pap) smear tests or colposcopy appointments in the United Kingdom, both absolutely and relative to the health service cost of the national cervical cancer screening programs.Methods: Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by two samples of women participating in a three-center trial of management of low-grade abnormalities detected by screening (n = 1,106 for Pap smears and n = 1,203 for colposcopy appointments). Women were 20 to 59 years of age and resident in Grampian or Tayside, Scotland, or Nottingham, England. Questionnaire data were supplemented with sociodemographic information previously collected at the time of recruitment to the trial.Results: The mean total time and travel costs per attendance at a smear test and at a colposcopy appointment were estimated to be £9.2 and £27.4, respectively, averaged across the three trial areas (valued at 2002 prices). Statistically significant intercenter disparities in time and travel costs were identified, particularly with respect to colposcopy appointments. For these, time and travel costs in Nottingham were substantially less than those in Grampian and Tayside (£22.9, £30.2, and £32.1, respectively). Time and travel costs amount to 26 and 33 percent, approximately, over and above the direct health service costs of the English and Scottish screening programs, respectively.Conclusions: The time and travel costs associated with participation in the UK cervical cancer screening programs are substantial and are not spatially uniform across the country.

scholarly journals Organized Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: Attendance and Determinants in Southern Italy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1578
Author(s):  
Concetta P. Pelullo ◽  
Federica Cantore ◽  
Alessandra Lisciotto ◽  
Gabriella Di Giuseppe ◽  
Maria Pavia
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Breast And Cervical Cancer ◽  
Organized Screening Program

The aims of this study were to evaluate the attendance to breast and cervical cancer screening and the related determinants in a low attendance area. A cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers of students attending secondary schools and university courses in Campania region, Southern Italy. Only 49.7% of the eligible women reported to have undergone mammography in the previous two years. Unemployed women, unsatisfied about their health status, with a family history of breast cancer, and having visited a physician in the previous 12 months were significantly more likely to have undergone mammography in the previous two years within an organized screening program. The attendance to cervical cancer screening in the interval of three years was reported to be 56.1% of women. Having a lower than graduation degree, being smokers, and having visited a physician in the previous 12 months were significant predictors of having had a Pap-smear in the previous three years in an organized screening program. In this study a very low attendance was found to both breast and cervical cancer organized screening programs. A strong commitment to their promotion is urgently needed, also to reduce inequalities of attendance of disadvantaged women.

Risk factors as the basis for triage in low-resource cervical cancer screening programs

2003 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gaffikin ◽  
S. Ahmed ◽  
Y.Q. Chen ◽  
J.M. McGrath ◽  
P.D. Blumenthal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Low Resource

scholarly journals CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING KNOWLEDGE AND UTILISATION AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN IFE EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OSUN STATE IN NIGERIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
A.E. Olowokere ◽  
MI.I. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Cervical cancer is a deadly disease claiming the lives of many women in developing countries due to late presentation which might be influenced by a lack of knowledge of the disease and its prevention. This descriptive study examined the knowledge of rural women about cervical cancer and its prevention, and their utilisation of Pap smear screening, using a convenience sample of 426 women in Ife East Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Women voluntarily completed an unstructured questionnaire through trained research assistants. Results showed that women who participated in the study were aware of cervical cancer (77%; n=328) but many (62.9%; n= 268) were unaware of Pap smears as the screening tests for cervical cancer. Although 41.3% (n=176) were knowledgeable about cervical cancer, risk factors and prevention, only 9.4% (n=40) had Pap smear tests done. Health care professionals, especially community health nurses, need to intensify efforts to increase awareness about cervical cancer screening, and encourage women through the different clinics to use these services. The benefits of screening and early diagnosis of cervical cancer should be emphasized to enhance the utilization of cervical cancer screening services.

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