Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers regarding cervical cancer and its screening using Pap smear, in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, Fiji.

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaran Naidu ◽  
Gillian Heller ◽  
George Qalomaiwasa ◽  
Sheetal Naidu ◽  
Rajat Gyaneshwar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Fiji has a high rate of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women in the country. Less than 10% of women are screened for cervical cancer in Fiji.In this paper we report the result of a study on Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers (KAPB) to cervical cancer and its screening with Pap smears, conducted on 1505 rural women in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> To assess the knowledge, attitudes, practice and barriers to cervical cancer and it’s screening with Pap smears in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Structured questionnaires were administered to women presenting to a rural outreach Reproductive Health education and clinics, by trained health educators to ascertain their Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice and Barriers to cervical cancer and its screening with Pap smears.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Seventy two percent of rural women had no knowledge of cervical cancer and 80% had no knowledge of the risk factors of cervical cancer. Lack of knowledge was significantly different for age groups (p=0.006), education levels and employment status(p&lt;0.001) and ethnicity  (p=0.022). Those groups with lowest knowledge were teenagers (18 to 19 years); those with less education; and iTaukei respondents. Of the respondents who had at least some knowledge of the Pap smear, 75% had had a Pap test. Of those who had no knowledge of the Pap smear, only 45% had had the test (p&lt;0.001). Of those who did not have a Pap smear the commonest barrier was lack of knowledge at 46.3% and fear of procedure was 29.4%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: More education is required to acquaint women in rural Fiji about cervical cancer, its associated risk factors as well as the benefits of cervical cancer screening programs and other prevention strategies. </p>

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF CERVICAL PAP SMEARS IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
S. Preetika ◽  
Sahayaraj Sahayaraj
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common gynaecological cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the less developed countries. Cervical cancer may be prevented or diagnosed at early stages due to the easy accessibility and clinical evaluation of the cervix. A pap test is a simple, easy, painless procedure which can be carried out as an outpatient procedure to detect specic, nonspecic inammations, precancerous and cancerous lesions In our study we have analysed the results of PAP smears of women in all age groups and have tried to evaluate the prevalence of cervical lesions and the importance of cervical cancer screening. Material And Methods: Our study was conducted between October 2020 to JULY 2021 and patients who have visited the Gynaec OP during this period were included for this study. We received Pap smears from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, stained the slides with Pap stain and studied the smears according to the new Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology 2014. Results: In our study, majority of the patients were in the age group of 41-50 years. Smears showing ASCUS were 14 , LSIL reports were 5, HSIL reports were 4. No Smears showed squamous cell carcinoma in our study. Reports in our study like many other studies has shown the importance of Pap smear test in screening cervical cancer. By conducting health camps, increasing health awareness and performing Pap smear screening programmes the incidence of cervical carcinoma can be decreased.

Our seven years experience of rural cervical cancer screening in Lucknow, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Jata Shanker Misra ◽  
Anand Narain Srivastava ◽  
Shivani Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Carcinoma Cervix ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Screening Programs

This study was undertaken with aim to create awareness among rural women regarding hazards and risk factors of carcinoma cervix and offering single life time cytological screening for early detection of the disease. This was essential as majority of the rural women were illiterate and have poor personal genital hygiene. The present screening program was planned through organizing camps by counseling and motivating 100 women from each village for undergoing Pap smear examination. During last 7 years, a total of 186 camps have been organized in three Blocks of Lucknow, India and 2949 of the 5286 women attending the camps underwent Pap test. Cytological findings were analyzed in these 2949 women in relation to different risk factors of the disease.The squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix (SIL) were seen in 498 cases (16.8%) while atypical squamous epithelial changes of unknown significance (ASCUS) were observed in only 234 (8.2%). The SIL incidence was found high for all risk factors of cervical cancer like young age, multiparity and vaginal discharge. Candida albicans was found more common and associated with inflammatory and SIL conditions of cervix.The organization of rural cervical cancer screening programs through camp approach and offering single life time cytological examination of cervical smears in rural women may prove very effective in the detection of large number of SIL cases, the adequate treatment of which will check the progression of the disease and minimize the incidence of carcinoma cervix and associated mortality in rural India.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic and Clinical Characteristic of Women Availing Pap Smear Services in Samtse District, Bhutan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Thinley Dorji ◽  
Hari Prasad Pokhrel ◽  
Tshokey Tshokey
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Malignant Lesion ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background: The case burden of cervical cancer has been increasing globally especially in developing countries without proper health system. Cervical cancer can be eliminated with timely vaccination and screening program as it usually takes years for pre-malignant lesions to develop into malignant lesion. Bhutan has committed to eliminate cervical cancer. Thus, it is important to understand the factors associated with abnormal Pap test findings. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted using the Pap smear data for the year 2018. It was extracted from the records maintained in the cytology unit of Samtse General Hospital. Result: The abnormal slide rate in this study was 2.5%. The majority of women seeking Pap smear services were women in reproductive age group and housewife by occupation. There were significant differences between age groups and marital status among normal in the Pap test results. Conclusion: The slide abnormality of Pap smear in Samtse District is low. The abnormality is more common among married and older women. Therefore, additional screening efforts needs to be put into this group to detect pre-malignant lesions.

scholarly journals Pap Utilization Survey in Nueva Vida, Nicaragua: Professional and Health Promotoras Partnership

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olushola O Ogunleye ◽  
Bethesda J O'Connell ◽  
Megan A Quinn ◽  
Lea C Florence ◽  
Kaitlyn Shirely
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer Mortality ◽  
Screening Services ◽  
Full Utilization

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting women in developing countries and accounted for 84% of the global incidence of cervical cancer in 2012. Nicaragua is one country illustrating this disparity, with an annual cervical cancer mortality six times the U.S. rate. This may be explained by lack and poor utilization of effective screening programs, especially the Papanicolaou, or Pap, smear. This study resulted from a partnership formed by faculty and students from two U.S. universities and a Nicaraguan nonprofit organization to conduct projects to benefit a community in Nicaragua. To promote a free Pap smear program provided by the local clinic, a community-wide survey regarding Pap smear utilization was conducted with local health <em>promotoras </em>(promoters). Of 1,117 women, 78.4% reported ever having a Pap smear, of whom 11.1% had not received their results, while results were reported as normal by 78.9%, and abnormal by 10%. The most common reasons for not having a Pap smear were refusal to test, fear, and pain. Proportions of women who ever had a Pap smear varied by <em>etapa</em> (stage/neighborhood, <em>p </em>< .001). Findings are useful for policy development to improve the clinic’s screening services and encourage full utilization of Pap smears.

scholarly journals Cytomorphometric Analysis of Cervical Papanicolaou Smear for Females with Gynecological Clinical Complaints

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Sahar Osman ◽  
Ehab Elmadenah ◽  
Osman Elmahi ◽  
Mubarak Alkarsani ◽  
Lienda Eltayeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gynecological Diseases ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: Limited information is provided on the quantitative cytomorphometric study of the cervical Pap test. The cervical Pap test is an important screening program for cervical cancer. A quantitative cytomorphometric examination of cervical Pap is used to accurately identify precancerous and cancerous lesions early and to reduce the occurrence and avoidance of invasive cancer. This study was aimed to assess the cytomorphological parameters (nuclear diameter [ND], cytoplasm diameter [CD], and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio [N/C ratio]) of squamous epithelial cells from a cervical Pap smear. Methods and Results: A prospective study was performed on 142 consecutive cervical Pap smears from women with gynecological clinical complaints. The ND and CD were determined by the Optika optical microscope camera using a digitizer cursor in both axes. The final images were taken with an X40 magnification. The ND, CD, and the N/C ratio were then measured and expressed in micrometers. The women were classified into 5 age groups: 5(3.5%) in the age group of <19 years, 46(32%) in the 20-29 group, 67(47.2%) in the 30-39 group, 23(16.2%) in the 40-49 group, and 1(0.7%) woman was over age 50. There were no significant differences in the N/C ratio of superficial cells between age groups. The ND, CD, and the N/C ratio were significantly higher in women with clinical complaints than in women without clinical complaints Conclusion: Cytomorphometic analysis might assist in the identification of cellular alterations due to gynecological diseases and increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the Pap smear technique.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between Age of Marriage and Parity with Women in the Act of doing Pap Smear (Study in Wisnuwardhana Surabaya Cancer Foundation Period January-June 2015)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Ufiyah Hakimah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Age Of Marriage

Cervical cancer became the second highest cause of the women’s death in Indonesia. So, it needs prevention through the pap smear action. But, visits to perform pap smears action increased year continued to show a reduction. This research was conducted to analyze the relationship between age of marriage and parity with women in the act of doing pap smears action in Wisnuwardhana Surabaya Cancer Foundation. This research uses an analytic observational research with case control research design. The amount of the sample was 96 women of childbearing age couples were divided into 2 groups: group of cases and controls with a ratio of 1:1. This research uses Systematic Random Sampling technique and univariate then bivariate data analysis technique with chi-square test, with significance level α <0,05. Based on the results of the chi-square test showed that there is a relationship between the age of marriage (p = 0,025; OR = 2,783), parity (p = 0,014; OR = 3,08) with the actions of the woman perform pap smears in Wisnuwardhana Surabaya Cancer Foundation. It can be concluded that women of childbearing age couples who have married aged > 20 years and have two children or more / multiparas have the opportunity to take action pap smears. It is advisable to health workers to provide information that focuses on risk factors for cervical cancer, so early detection of cervical cancer can be done, especially for those who have risk factors for cervical cancer.Keywords: age of marriage, parity, pap smear action

scholarly journals Genetic Screening of Cervical Cancer

OBM Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Ciro Comparetto ◽  
◽  
Franco Borruto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Screening And Prevention

Medical genetics plays an important role in the screening and prevention of numerous diseases. Thus, it is important to develop effective screening and prevention programs and improve the assessment of the susceptibility of diseases. The development of screening and prevention programs depends on the identification of early biomarkers (including functional and behavioral) for the risk and onset of the disease, and such programs need to be designed according to internationally accepted criteria. Cervical cancer represents a very relevant disease from the health and social perspective; around 528,000 new cases are diagnosed every year globally, of which, 85% are from developing countries, representing almost 12% of all cancers in females. Substantial reductions in the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer have been observed after the introduction of prevention campaigns with the implementation of cervical screening programs through Papanicolaou (Pap) tests and, in particular, following the introduction of organized programs which guarantee a high level of screening coverage, as well as, the quality and continuity of diagnostic-therapeutic procedures. It is estimated that Pap smear screening every 3-5 years provides 80% protection against the onset of cancer. Advances in diagnostic techniques, particularly the development of easy-to-use molecular genetic tests, are replacing the use of the established Pap smear as a screening tool. This is possible owing to the discovery in 1975 that some cellular morphological changes (koilocytosis) were related to the presence of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV test is performed on a small sample of cells taken from the cervix, similar to the Pap test; however, it is not a morphological exam but a molecular biology exam that detects the presence of HPV by identifying its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). The results of numerous experimental studies have demonstrated a greater sensitivity of this test compared to the sensitivity of the traditional Pap test. However, the HPV test has a lower specificity due to two main factors: 1) The HPV test is based on the search for the types of viruses that have a greater oncogenic potential, and 2) It does not discriminate between transient infections and persistent and productive infections. The most widely used molecular tests are based on the search for HPV sequences and genotyping using molecular biology techniques, such as direct hybridization, qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral nucleotide sequencing.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between Age of Marriage and Parity with Women in the Act of doing Pap Smear (Study in Wisnuwardhana Surabaya Cancer Foundation Period January-June 2015)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Ufiyah Hakimah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Age Of Marriage

Cervical cancer became the second highest cause of the women’s death in Indonesia. So, it needs prevention through the pap smear action. But, visits to perform pap smears action increased year continued to show a reduction. This research was conducted to analyze the relationship between age of marriage and parity with women in the act of doing pap smears action in Wisnuwardhana Surabaya Cancer Foundation. This research uses an analytic observational research with case control research design. The amount of the sample was 96 women of childbearing age couples were divided into 2 groups: group of cases and controls with a ratio of 1:1. This research uses Systematic Random Sampling technique and univariate then bivariate data analysis technique with chi-square test, with significance level α <0,05. Based on the results of the chi-square test showed that there is a relationship between the age of marriage (p = 0,025; OR = 2,783), parity (p = 0,014; OR = 3,08) with the actions of the woman perform pap smears in Wisnuwardhana Surabaya Cancer Foundation. It can be concluded that women of childbearing age couples who have married aged > 20 years and have two children or more / multiparas have the opportunity to take action pap smears. It is advisable to health workers to provide information that focuses on risk factors for cervical cancer, so early detection of cervical cancer can be done, especially for those who have risk factors for cervical cancer.Keywords: age of marriage, parity, pap smear action

Factors Affecting Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among Clinic Attendees in Trelawny, Jamaica

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bessler ◽  
Maung Aung ◽  
Pauline Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Attitudes And Practices

Background Use of the Pap test has resulted in a decline in cervical cancer mortality in developed countries. Yet, despite established cervical cancer screening programs, a significant portion of Jamaican women are not undergoing screening for cervical cancer. This study was carried out to identify factors that affect Jamaican women's decisions to screen for cervical cancer. Methods A population survey was administered to 367 clinic-attending women 25 to 54 years of age in the Parish of Trelawny from May to July of 2005. An interviewer-administered questionnaire assessed the women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening. Results Overall, 11% of the women had never had a Pap smear and only 38% had a Pap test within the last year. Annual visits to a health provider have a strong influence on women's decisions to regularly screen for cervical cancer. Provider recommendation also positively affected initial receipt of a Pap smear as well as continued regular screening. Conclusions Programs that promote annual health checkups, encourage consistent provider recommendations, and emphasize screening as a preventive measure might positively influence women's decisions to screen for cervical cancer.

scholarly journals Awareness Level of Cervical Cancer among Rural Women Attending Manikgonj 250-Bedded District Hospital, Manikgonj

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzana Rahman ◽  
Avisak Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
District Hospital ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Value Determination

Background: Cervical cancer is a typically slow-growing cancer that may not have symptoms, but can be early diagnosed by Pap smear and Visual Inspection of Cervix with Acetic Acid (VIA). The burden of the disease is increasing in developing countries day by day due to the ascending trend of transmissible diseases such as HIV and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness regarding cervical cancer among the women attending outpatient department of Manikgonj 250-bedded district hospital, Manikgonj. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among the women attending the OPD of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department of Manikgonj 250-bedded district hospital from June, 2017 to October, 2017. The respondents were selected by random sampling. A pre-structured, interview-based data collection sheet was prepared, which was used as a research tool. Data were collected by interview of the patients and then data were gathered, decorated and tabulated after data cleaning and edition. Then the results were presented in tabular and figure forms. As it is a descriptive type of cross-sectional study p value determination was not required to see the level of significance. Results: In this study mean age of 50 respondents was 24.18 ± 6.63 years. The maximum respondents (62%) were from 20−30 years age group. Out of 50 respondents 46% were married and 24% were unmarried. Among the study subjects 84% knew about cervical cancers, 28% respondents knew about the disease from uthan boithok and 26% by electronic and print media. Thirty six percent respondents knew about the risk factors of the disease, 42 (84%) heard about the disease, 60% thought that they are at self risk and 12% respondents underwent screening before. Among those (70.45%) who did not undergo screening blamed not having adequate knowledge about the risk factors. Seventy two percent of total respondents knew that district hospital is a center for screening. Fifty percent women did not have any knowledge regarding vaccination. Conclusion: Majority respondents in this study did not know clearly about cervical cancer, specially its risk factors, vaccination, prevention and clinical profile of the disease. J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(1): 34-40

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