Transformation of Adyghe Society in the 19th Century as Shown by the Subethnos of the Abadzekhs

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Anzhela Cheucheva
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Land Allocation ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article discusses the transformation of the life of Adyghe society throughout the 19th century. The object of the study is the Adyghe Abadzekhs, who lived in the historical region of the North-West Caucasus, called Abadzekhia. In the 19th century, these people turned to be at the center of the conquest policy of the Russian Empire. The publication attempts to analyze the changes that occurred with part of the Adyghe ethnic group — the Abadzekhs, as well as the influence of the Caucasian War. The research shows that constant military operations contributed to a change in the life of Adyghe society, having a destructive influence on it. At the end of the Caucasian War, part of the Adyghe population died, part emigrated, and the remaining part moved to other regions of the North Caucasus. The Russian administration established new rules and restrictions that related to the organization of management, land allocation. The introduction of new rules caused protests that were suppressed, which complicated the integration of part of the Adyghes into the Russian Empire. Gradually experience was developed that contributed to the regulation of the behavior of the Adyghes through the introduction of new rules and norms of life within the framework of the Russian Empire.

Migration History of Iranians in the North Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Zalina T. Plieva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
The North ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.

From alans to ossetians. The ossetian factor in history north Caucasus and Georgia

ANCIENT LAND ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 23-47
Author(s):  
Ярослав Валентинович Пилипчук ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
The Social ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Mongol conquest and the invasion of Timur dealt a blow to the Alanian society and Christianity among the Alans. However, they launched the processes of Alans' eviction to the mountains and the ethnogenesis of Ossetians. Ossetians assimilated the Dvalians and a subethnos of Ossetians-Tuals was formed on the local soil in the XV-XVI centuries. Ossetians actively penetrated Georgia in the 16th-18th centuries. At the end of the 16th and 18th centuries. Kartli suffered from Ossetian raids on Georgian settlements. South Ossetians often did not pay their duties and robbed Georgians. The power of the Kartlian and Imeretian kings over the South Ossetians was relative, which did not exclude the granting of their lands to Machabeli and Eristavi. Also, the Ossetian peasants were under the rule of the state (king). With the arrival of Russian power in Georgia, the South Ossetians wanted to maintain their autonomy. It took the Russians a series of punitive expeditions in the 19th century to pacify the South Ossetians. They rebelled, responding to the calls of the Georgian princes. They opposed the Georgian Tavads, who were patronized by the Russian authorities. North Ossetian societies wanted to become Russian citizens in order to become independent from the Kabardian pshi. They wanted self-government and opposed imperial unification. The North Ossetians from the Tagauria and Kurtatia societies also rebelled against the Russians. Digoria and Alagiria became part of the Russian Empire voluntarily, but there were unrest among the Digorians. Before the arrival of the Russians, the Ossetian societies were in close cooperation with the Kabardian pshi. The ties between Digoria and Kabarda were especially close. Under Kabardian influence, feudalism developed in Digoria and Tagauria, and local Ossetians were vassals of Little and Greater Kabarda. Ossetians acted as allies of the Kabardians against the Crimean khans. The Ottomans and Qizilbashs came to the Ossetian lands sporadically and this was not accompanied by the subordination of the Ossetians to these Turkic states. Relations with the Nakhs were good neighborly. The Ingush and Chechens found shelter for the Ossetian nobility who fled from blood feud. A number of Ingush surnames were of Ossetian origin. Ossetian colonization led to the displacement of the Ossetian-Ingush border to the east. Relations between Ossetians and Balkars were good-neighborly. Ossetians were moved to Balkaria. We can only talk about a certain influence of Georgia in Ossetia in the 15th and 17th centuries. Some part of the Ossetian nobility joined the Imeretian and Kartlian aristocracy. Despite all the difficulties, Christianity in Ossetia was preserved and maintained thanks to contacts with Georgia. The Islamization of the Ossetians was superficial and mainly affected only the social top. The term syncretism is best suited to characterize the religion of the Ossetians, where Christianity and Islam were combined with traditional beliefs. Key words: Ossetians, Kabardians, Ingush, Kartli, Russians, Digoria, Alagiriya, Kurtatia, Tagauria

scholarly journals Inspiracje Grigorija G. Gagarina i jego rola w procesie kształtowania stylu rosyjsko - -bizantyńskiego w architekturze dziewiętnastowiecznego Imperium Rosyjskiego – zarys zagadnienia

Porta Aurea ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Marta Cyuńczyk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Theoretical Assumption ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
The North ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
National Style

The paper represents an attempt to outline Grigory G. Gagarin’s artistic interests and his influence on creating one of the national style variants in the 19th -century Russian Empire: the Russian -Byzantine style. This article is not only a selection of theoretician’s quotes, but also an attempt to create an appropriate background and clear context for his theses. Moreover, the paper is to constitute a coherent outline of his thoughts having an impact on the creating of the national style and the search for architectural inspiration from selected periods of history. An interesting fact is that because of Gagarin’s first attempts to develop consistent norms and determinants of inspiration, among others, for architects and artists, he created foundations to formulate in the future a clear theoretical assumption of the Russian -Byzantine style. What is more, the theoretician did not avoid the confrontation of Russian art with Western European culture. Gagarin tried to not only indicate the relationships between the evolution of specific styles in art and architecture, but also their mutual influences and consequences. In the paper’s narration another important thread in the theoretician’s activity is also mentioned: his attitude to the cultural heritage of the North and South Caucasus. In the 19th century, the region’s territories formed the southwestern borders of the Russian Empire, and moreover they were the destinations of Gagarin’s diplomatic activities for the Romanov dynasty and the Russian Empire. The paper is an introduction to further research not only into Gagarin’s position in the process of creating the national style in the Russian Empire in the19th century. Furthermore, the research will bring up his functioning in the Western European artistic-cultural society of that time and his attempts to find mutual inspiration in Western and Eastern Europe.

The Germans and their Jewish Neighbors on the Ukrainian Areas at the Second Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
D. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
South West ◽  
Multiethnic Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents some of the author’s research results that has got while elaboration of the theme “Everyday life in the mirror of conflicts: Germans and their neighbors on the Southern and South-West periphery of the Russian Empire 1861–1914”. The relationship between Germans and Jews is studied in the context of the growing confrontation in Southern cities that resulted in a wave of pogroms. Sources are information provided by the police and court archival funds. The German colonists Ludwig Koenig and Alexandra Kirchner (the resident of Odessa) were involved into Odessa pogrom (1871), in particular. While Koenig with other rioters was arrested by the police, Kirchner led a crowd of rioters to the shop of her Jewish neighbor, whom she had a conflict with. The second part of the article is devoted to the analyses of unty-Jewish violence causes and history in Ak-Kerman at the second half of the 19th and early years of 20th centuries. Akkerman was one of the southern Bessarabia cities, where multiethnic population, including the Jews, grew rapidly. It was one of the reasons of the pogroms in 1865 and 1905. The author uses criminal cases` papers to analyze the reasons of the Germans participation in the civilian squads that had been organized to protect the population and their property in Ackerman and Shabo in 1905.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

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