scholarly journals A Lifetime in Error: Helena P. Blavatsky and the Immaculate Conception

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-52
Author(s):  
Maciej B. Stępień
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Cognitive Error ◽  
Cognitive Problem ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

This article presents the cognitive error made by Helena P. Blavatsky concerning the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Blavatsky’s error consisted in ascribing the term “Immaculate Conception” to the content of one of the basic tenets of the Christian faith, which is the Incarnation of the Lord. An additional mistake in connection with this error was the observation that it was only in the middle of the 19th century that the Church elevated this truth to the rank of dogma. The confusion of the conception of the Mother with the Incarnation of the Son, and the association of the latter with the term “Immaculate Conception” gave rise to further difficulties, when the new verse of the Litany of Loretto pointed to Mary as “immaculately conceived.” The doubled cognitive problem that H. P. Blavatsky had to face because of this led her to announce further fantastic theories about the Immaculate Conception, which were not challenged by anyone for the next 150 years. Her grave cognitive error is now widespread and responsible for the functioning in contemporary Western culture of popular expressions such as the “Immaculate Conception of Christ,” where the “immaculateness” of the conception means the absence of sexual intercourse leading to the conception of a child. As a result of the widespread use of expressions of this type the authentic content of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary remains unknown to many people. In the article, this issue is presented based on the sources, which testify to the agency of H. P. Blavatsky as regards the spread of this cognitive error in the Western culture.

On the Origin of the Zaraysk Gospel

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Alexey B. Mazurov ◽  
Alexander V. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Ancient Manuscripts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church

The article considers theoretical development of the problem of the origin and provenance in the 15th — the first quarter of the 19th century of the famous Old Russian book monument — the Zaraysk Gospel. Although it has repeatedly attracted the attention of archaeographers, textologists, paleographers, linguists and art historians, this article is the first experience of studying these issues. Created in 1401 in Moscow, the Gospel, which is parchment manuscript, was purchased in 1825 by K.F. Kalaidovich for Count N.P. Rumyantsev from the Zaraysk merchant K.I. Averin, that determined its name by the place of discovery. The scribe book of Zaraysk in 1625 in the altar of the Pyatnitsky chapel of the St. Nikolas wooden church (“which’s on the square”) in the city’s Posad, recorded the description of the manuscript Gospel, corresponding by a number of features to the Zaraysk Gospel. The connection of the codex with the St. Nicholas church is indirectly confirmed by the drawing of the church placed on one of its pages (f. 156 ver.) with the remains of inscription mentioning St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. This allows concluding that the manuscript in the 17th century was in the book collection of the temple. In the 17th century, the ancient St. Nicholas church was re-consecrated to the Epiphany, and the sacristy was moved to the stone St. Nicholas cathedral in Zaraysk. It is most likely that in the first quarter of the 19th century, the merchant K.I. Averin purchased the Gospel from the members of the cathedral’s clergy. The article analyzes the context of the early contributions of the 15th century “to the Miraculous Icon of St. Nikolas of Zaraysk”, one of which, most likely, was the parchment Zaraysk Gospel. The authors assume that this contribution is related to the chronicle events of 1401 or 1408. The study is significant in terms of the theoretical development of methods for identifying ancient manuscripts and their origin.

6. Hinduism, colonialism, and modernity

2016 ◽  
pp. 62-73
Author(s):  
Kim Knott
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The 19Th Century

What impact did the presence of the Arabs and Turks, then the Europeans in India, have on the religious ideas and practices of Hindus? ‘Hinduism, colonialism, and modernity’ considers this question and, in particular, looks at the effect of British colonialism on Hinduism. Many of the new Hindu initiatives of the 19th century were pervaded in some way by the influence of western culture and Christian ideas. Many Hindu reformers, such as Gandhi, developed their ideas and actions from the context of British colonial rule. Gandhi sometimes imitated, sometimes resisted, but was always influenced by western conceptions of India and Hinduism.

scholarly journals The regulation of midwives in England, c.1500–1902

2020 ◽  
pp. 096853322097617
Author(s):  
Sarah Fox ◽  
Margaret Brazier
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Statutory Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Informal Regulation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Statutory Regulation ◽  
The Church ◽  
Subordinate Role

Throughout the 19th century, midwives were depicted as incompetent slatterns in both popular imagery and medical literature. We examine how, between 1500 and 1800, midwifery was regulated by a combination of formal licensing by the Church and informal oversight within the community. We argue that episcopal licensing demanded that midwives demonstrate knowledge and competence in midwifery, not only that they were spiritually fit to baptise dying infants. Although episcopal licensing lacked statutory authority, the symbiosis of formal and informal systems of regulation ensured good midwifery practice and midwives were regarded as experts in all matters relating to childbirth. The Midwives Act 1902 introduced statutory regulation of midwives, restoring their ‘professional status’ if in a subordinate role. We show that the history of the regulation of midwives across four centuries casts light on the interplay between formal and informal regulation and matters of gender and professional status.

scholarly journals Kerk en kultuur by die vryheidsoekende Afrikaner van die 1ge eeu - 'n historiese ondersoek

1996 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Pont
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stated Problem ◽  
The Church

Church vis it vis culture among the republican Afrikaner of the 19th century - an historical investigation. In this study attention is given to the question of the correlation between and/or position of the church vis a vis culture among the republican Afrikaner of the 19th century. Initially attention is given to  a workohle definition of church and culture and then, in the light of Calvinist theology, the relationship is discussed. Eventually the stated problem is discussed and the conclusion formulated that the culture of the Afrikaner was strongly influenced and directed by its theological viewpoints. A few conclusions are drawn.

scholarly journals Remarks on the Proportions and Dimensions Used in the Design of the Medieval Church of Zsámbék

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Krisztina Fehér ◽  
Balázs Halmos
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church ◽  
Design Logic

Since the 19th century, the church of Zsámbék was continuously a focus of scholars' interest. The present paper intends to research the church ruins with a new aspect. Using an accurate terrestrial laser scan survey, the geometry of the plan is analysed in order to find proportions among the dimensions. The main goal of the study is to gather information about the design logic of the first masters of the 13th-century Premonstratensian abbey. In addition, our goal was to detect contributions to the 13th-century construction history of the church, that cannot be found in archives of graphic sources. The latest archaeological excavation achieved excellent results concerning several crucial historical points; however, the periodization of the church is still not entirely clarified. From the 19th century, different scholars have proposed various hypotheses about this topic, without consensus.

scholarly journals An Auspicious Alliance: Pugin, Bloxam, and the Magdalen Commissions

1990 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Leon B. Litvack
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Anglican Church ◽  
Gothic Revival ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Roman Catholics ◽  
The Church

This article forms the sequel to "The Balliol that Might Have Been: Pugin's Crushing Oxford Defeat" (JSAH, XLV, 1986, 358-373). That study showed that Augustus W. N. Pugin (1812-1852) was prevented from carrying out his plans for renovating Balliol College, Oxford, because of his somewhat singular views and oppressive nature, combined with the prevailing sentiments against Roman Catholics in the University. The present study surveys the history of the two small commissions that Pugin was granted: the Magdalen College gateway and the Church of St. Lawrence, Tubney (the only Anglican church Pugin ever built). In both cases Pugin was appointed as architect through the benevolence of Dr. John Rouse Bloxam, in appeasement for the failures at Balliol. Pugin executed the designs in secrecy and with extraordinary speed, thereby hoping to avoid criticism or scandal, in an effort to erect a small monument to himself in Oxford, his "city of spires," which he hoped could serve as the model for the 19th-century Gothic revival in England.

Nikænum i dansk liturgisk tradition1

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Holger Villadsen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Nicene Creed ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

This article examines the use of the Nicene Creed in the Church of Denmark from 1514 to 1992 when a new Service Book, Den Danske Alterbog, was authorized for use in the Evangelical LutheranChurch of Denmark. The Reformation replaced the Nicene Creed with a Danish hymn, but until 1640 the Latin Nicene Creed was sung in some cases. The Latin text was the same as in the medievalmissals and was printed 1573 in the Gradval edited by Niels Jesperssøn. From 1640 to the 19th century the creed was sung only in the hymnal form. In the 19th century the creed as a hymn graduallydisappeared. In 1949 the Danish bishops edited a new Service Book with an order for High Mass, where the creed was the Apostles’ Creed, and where the Nicene Creed in Danish translation was placedin a footnote. In the Service Book from 1992 the two creeds are in principle placed at the same level. The article ends with the proposal of a new Danish translation of the Nicene Creed based on theGreek version known from the Council of Chalcedon 451.

scholarly journals Muuga või Kersna? Eesti rööpsete perekonnanimede teke ja kadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-85
Author(s):  
Fred Puss
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
The State ◽  
Family Names ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

Rööpsete perekonnanimede teke on unikaalne Eestis ja Lätis, kus mõisas pandi 1820.–1830. aastail samale talupojale üks, kirikus aga teine perekonnanimi. Nimede panemise õigus oli mõisadel, kuid kohati võtsid pastorid osa nimede panekust ning muutsid kirikuraamatutes nimesid ka hiljem. Eestis oli üksikuid piirkondi (mõisu), kus rööpnimede hulk oli suurem, nt Ahja mõisas 53%, Roosna-Alliku mõisa Järva- Madise kihelkonna osas 32%, olles enamasti aga mõne protsendi piires. Võnnu kihelkonnas muutsid vastastikku üksteise nimeloomet mõisavalitsused, kolm järjestikust pastorit ning eriti köster. Pärast üldise perekonnanimepanekuga loodud rööpnimesid oli XIX sajandi teisel poolel ja XX sajandi algul nende tavalisim tekkepõhjus saksastamine, harvem sugulussuhete muutumine (kärgpered, lapsendamised). Kui mõnel pool jõudsid kirikuraamatute nimekujud ka hingeloendisse, siis tavaline see polnud. Sel põhjusel oli ka XX sajandi algul inimestel vallavalitsuse välja antud tsaariaegses passis või iseseisvusaegsel isikutunnistusel üks, kirikuraamatutes teine nimi. Rööpnimed kaotati enamasti riiklike perekonnaregistrite sisseseadmisega alates 1926. aastast ning ametlikustati reeglina sünnikandes leiduv nimekuju. Osal juhtudel tekkisid topeltnimed. Rööpnimed on dokumentides tekitanud segadust ka hiljem. Abstract. Fred Puss: Muuga or Kersna? The appearance and perishment of Estonian parallel family names. The reason for the appearance of parallel family names in Estonia and Latvia is unique: in the 1820s–1830s, the manor officials gave family names to local peasants and the Lutheran pastors changed those names or gave different ones. In some areas, mismatch was up to 53%, but generally did not exceed a few percent. Sometimes in the church records, the names were later changed to match the manor (or later tax) records, but much less often vice versa. However, when the names in the church records were changed (mostly Germanized) in the second half of the 19th century, but not in the tax records, new mismatches appeared. As of 1926, the state began to keep vital statistics records and the name in a birth entry in the church book was usually fixed as the only family name thereafter. This marked the end of the occurrence of most of the parallel family names in Estonia, but some became double family names and some still caused confusion in later records.

scholarly journals Renewal of the Dominican Monastery and Church in Dubrovnik in the 19th Century: Old Library and Church Altars

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicije B. Lupis
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Church Renewal ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

In this work the author analyzes less known data about the renewal of the Dominican church and monastery in Dubrovnik during the 19th century, paying special attention to three altars, primarily the altar presently located in the church of St. Nicholas in Čilipi which once belonged to the Palmotić family, and altar of St. Vincent Ferrer sold to Muo in 1883 where it is still situated. In the work Viginti supra centum Sanctorum, Beatorum, ac Venerabilim Fratrum Ordinis Praedicatorum Chronologico ordine digestae Imagines by Serafin Marija Crijević, there is a depiction of Blessed Mannes Guzman on the page five, actually a sketch of the present-day altar of St. Dominic in the monastery church. The altar of St. Dominic is the only preserved altar from the Dominican church renewal after the earthquake. For now it is the only altar in Dubrovnik from this period, with preserved original sketch after which it was made, enriching in that way previous insights about the Baroque altars in Dubrovnik.

scholarly journals Frei Francisco do Monte Alverne: Plano de Reforma para a Província Franciscana da Imaculada Conceição do Brasil

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (270) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Sandro Roberto da Costa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Reform Project ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

O estudo da situação de decadência em que se encontrava a vida religiosa tradicional no Brasil em meados do século XIX fornece subsídios para se compreender a dinâmica da própria vida religiosa, ao mesmo tempo em que nos ajuda a entender um momento importante da relação Igreja-Estado. No presente artigo debruçamo-nos sobre o tema, a partir da ótica de um dos personagens mais representativos deste momento histórico, frei Francisco do Monte Alverne. Franciscano do Convento de Santo Antônio do Rio de Janeiro, homem culto, um dos mais famosos pregadores imperiais, com bom trânsito entre as personalidades da corte, Monte Alverne nos legou um Projeto de Reforma, cuja análise permite conhecer a situação da vida religiosa a partir da trajetória e do ponto de vista de um personagem que, de certa forma, é a própria personificação deste momento de crise.Abstract: The study of the decadent condition in which the traditional religious life found itself in the middle of the 19th century provides us with the necessary information to understand the dynamics of religious life itself; it also helps us to understand an important moment of the relationship between the Church and the State. In this present article we deal with this subject from the perspective of one of the most representative characters of that historical moment, Friar Francisco de Monte Alverne. A Franciscan from the St. Anthony Convent in Rio de Janeiro, Monte Alverne was not only a cultured man but also one of the best known preachers of the Empire and had easy access to the most important courtiers. The analysis of his Reform Project enables us to find out about the situation of the religious life at that time through the trajectory and the opinions of someone who was, to a certain extent, the very personification of that moment of crisis.

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