scholarly journals Analysis of Non-Pivotal Bioequivalence Studies Submitted in Abbreviated New Drug Submissions for Delayed-Release Drug Products

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Paramjeet Kaur ◽  
Xiaojian Jiang ◽  
Ethan Stier
Keyword(s):  
Coating Layer ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
Enteric Coating ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Delayed Release ◽  
The Us ◽  
Generic Products ◽  
The Impact

The US FDA’s rule on “Requirements for Submission of Bioequivalence Data” requiring submission of all bioequivalence (BE) studies conducted on the same formulation of the drug product submitted for approval was published in Federal Register in January 2009. With the publication of this rule, we evaluated the impact of data from non-pivotal BE studies in assessing BE and identified the reasons for failed in vivo BE studies for generic oral delayed-release (DR) drug products only. We searched the Agency databases from January 2009 toDecember 2016 to identify Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) submitted for DR drug products containing non-pivotal BE studies. Out of 202 ANDAs, 43 ANDAs contained 102 non-pivotal BE studies. Forty-nine non-pivotal BE studies were conducted on the to-be-marketed (TBM) formulation and 53 were conducted on formulations different from the TBM formulation. These experimental formulations primarily differed in the ratio of components of the enteric coating layer and/or amount (i.e., %w/w) of enteric coating layer. Of the 49 non-pivotal BE studies conducted on the TBM formulation, 41 failed to meet the BE acceptance criteria. The majority of failed non-pivotal BE studies on the TBM DR generic products had insufficient power, which was expected as these studies are exploratory in nature and not designed to have adequate power to pass the BE statistical criteria. In addition, among the failed non-pivotal BE studies on the TBM DR generic products, the most commonly failing pharmacokinetic parameter was Cmax. The data from these non-pivotal BE studies indicate that inadequate BE study design can lead to failure of the BE on the same formulation. Also, the non-pivotal BE studies on formulations different from the TBM formulation help us link the formulation design to the product performance in vivo. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

Small-scale in vitro methods for evaluating the impact of gastrointestinal transfer on luminal drug / drug product performance in the fasted state

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Πάτρικ Ο' Ντουάιρ
Keyword(s):  
Drug Product ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
The Impact

Η βιοδιαθεσιμότητα ενός φαρμάκου μετά από per os χορήγηση επηρεάζεται από πολλές διαδικασίες. Η γαστρεντερική μεταφορά αποτελεί μια σημαντική φυσιολογική διαδικασία, που επηρεάζει της συγκεντρώσεις του φαρμάκου στο λεπτό έντερο, δηλαδή στην περιοχή από την οποία απορρόφουνται τις περισσότερες φορές τα per os χορηγούμενα φάρμακα. Στην παρούσα εργασία αναπτύχθηκαν δυο μικρής κλίμακας μέθοδοι για την εκτίμηση της σημασίας της γαστρεντερικής μεταφοράς στην απορρόφηση ενός φαρμάκου μετά από per os χορήγηση κατά τη διάρκεια της διαπεπτικής περιόδου. Οι μέθοδοι βασίστηκαν σε ένα διφασικό σύστημα διάλυσης δύο σταδίων και σε μια συσκευή διάλυσης-διαπέρασης δυο σταδίων. Η διφασική μέθοδος διάλυσης προσομοιώνει τη διαδικασία της μεταφοράς μέσω του εντερικού επιθηλίου με τη χρήση μιας στοιβάδας δεκανόλης. Η μέθοδος διάλυσης-διαπέρασης προσομοιώνει τη διαδικασία μεταφοράς μέσω του γαστρεντερικού επιθηλίου με τη χρήση μιας συνθετικής λιπιδικής μεμβράνης και ενός διαμερίσματος υποδοχής του φαρμάκου. Οι δυο μικρής κλίμακας μέθοδοι δυο σταδίων αναπτύχθηκαν και αξιολογήθηκαν με βάση δεδομένα δυο ασθενών βάσεων που ανήκουν στην Τάξη ΙΙ της Βιοφαρμακευτικής Ταξινόμησης των Φαρμάκων, της διπυριδαμόλης και της κετοκοναζόλης. Οι ρυθμοί καθίζησης, που υπολογίσθηκαν από τα δεδομένα των πειραμάτων με τις δυο μεθόδους, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την προσομοίωση των απεικονίσεων των συγκεντρώσεων στο πλάσμα μετά από χορήγηση σε ενήλικες με τη βοήθεια φυσιολογικών φαρμακοκινητικών μοντέλων. Οι τιμές των φαρμακοκινητικών παραμέτρων, που υπολογίσθηκαν από τις απεικονίσεις, συγκρίθηκαν με τις τιμές των φαρμακοκινητικών παραμέτρων, που είχαν υπολογισθεί από προηγούμενες κλινικές μελέτες των φαρμάκων σε υγιείς ενήλικες. Τα δεδομένα της διφασικής μεθόδου διάλυσης οδήγησαν σε καλύτερη εκτίμηση των φαρμακοκινητικών παραμέτρων των δυο ασθενών βάσεων. Τα δεδομένα της μεθόδου διάλυσης-διαπέρασης οδήγησαν σε υπερεκτίμηση της καθίζησης, πιθανότατα λόγω της αργής ροής μεταφοράς στο διαμέρισμα υποδοχής. Στη συνέχεια, οι δυο μικρής κλίμακας μέθοδοι δυο σταδίων αξιολογήθηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας φαρμακευτικά προϊόντα με αυξημένες δυνατότητες (enabling drug products) που περιλάμβαναν άμορφες στερεές διασπορές, ένα σύμπλοκο φαρμάκου με κυκλοδεξτρίνη και λιπιδικά προϊόντα. Για τη μελέτη των λιπιδικών προϊόντων η διφασική μέθοδος τροποποιήθηκε για να ενσωματωθεί και η διαδικασία της πέψης των εκδόχων. Συνολικά, η διφασική μέθοδος ήταν περισότερο χρήσιμη από τη μέθοδο-διάλυσης διαπέρασης και τα δεδομένα σχετίστηκαν καλύτερα με τα in vivo δεδομένα. Τέλος, η χρησιμότητα των δυο μικρής κλίμακας μεθόδων δυο σταδίων σε σχέση με δυο άλλες χρησιμοποιούμενες μεθόδους, τη διατάξη μικρού περιστρεφόμενου πτερυγίου Erweka και τη διάταξη ΒioGIT, μελετήθηκε με βάση δεδομένα δυο φαρμάκων που ανήκουν στην Τάξη ΙΙ της Βιοφαρμακευτικής Ταξινόμησης των Φαρμάκων, της δικλοφενάκης (ασθενές εξύ) και της ριτοναβίρης (ασθενής βάση). Με όλες τις μεθόδους, η δικλοφενάκη διαλύθηκε πολύ γρήγορα σε μέσα που προσομοιώνουν σε Επίπεδο ΙΙ τα περιεχόμενα του λεπτού εντέρου, τόσο μετά από μορφοποίηση σε σκόνη όσο και μετά από μορφοποίηση σε δισκίο. Φυσιολογική φαρμακοκινητική μοντελοποίηση των δεδομένων έδειξε, ότι μετά από χορήγηση προϊόντων άμεσης αποδέσμευσης δικλοφενάκης, η απορρόφηση εξαρτάται από τη γαστρική κένωση και τη μεταφορά μέσω του εντερικού επιθηλίου, ανεξάρτητα από τον τύπο του προϊόντος. Αντίθετα, η άμορφη στερεή διασπορά της ριτοναβίρης οδηγεί σε καθίζηση του φαρμάκου στον αυλό του λεπτού εντέρου. Όλες οι μέθοδοι που προσομοίωσαν την αλλαγή των συνθηκών από το στόμαχο στο λεπτό έντερο προσομοίωσαν επαρκώς την επίδραση του μειωμένου ρυθμού έκκρισης γαστρικού οξέος στη συμπεριφορά του προϊόντος in vivo. Με βάση τα δεδομένα συνολικά, κάθε μέθοδος παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερα προτερήματα και αδυναμίες. Συνολικά, με βάση τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης η διφασική μέθοδος θα μπορούσε να διευκολύνει σημαντικά στα αρχικά στάδια της ανάπτυξης νέων φαρμάκων, ιδιαίτερα αν συνδυαστεί με φυσιολογικά φαρμακοκινητικά μοντέλα.

scholarly journals Generic Vancomycin Enriches Resistant Subpopulations of Staphylococcus aureus after Exposure in a Neutropenic Mouse Thigh Infection Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Rodriguez ◽  
Maria Agudelo ◽  
Andres F. Zuluaga ◽  
Omar Vesga
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Generic Products ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that “bioequivalent” generic products of vancomycin are less effectivein vivoagainstStaphylococcus aureusthan the innovator compound. Considering that suboptimal bactericidal effect has been associated with emergence of resistance, we aimed to assessin vivothe impact of exposure to innovator and generic products of vancomycin onS. aureussusceptibility. A clinical methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) strain from a liver transplant patient with persistent bacteremia was used for which MIC, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and autolytic properties were determined. Susceptibility was also assessed by determining a population analysis profile (PAP) with vancomycin concentrations from 0 to 5 mg/liter. ICR neutropenic mice were inoculated in each thigh with ∼7.0 log10CFU. Treatment with the different vancomycin products (innovator and three generics; 1,200 mg/kg of body weight/day every 3 h) started 2 h later while the control group received sterile saline. After 24 h, mice were euthanized, and the thigh homogenates were plated. Recovered colonies were reinoculated to new groups of animals, and the exposure-recovery process was repeated until 12 cycles were completed. The evolution of resistance was assessed by PAP after cycles 5, 10, 11, and 12. The initial isolate displayed reduced autolysis and higher resistance frequencies thanS. aureusATCC 29213 but without vancomycin-intermediateS. aureus(VISA) subpopulations. After 12 cycles, innovator vancomycin had significantly reduced resistant subpopulations at 1, 2, and 3 mg/liter, while the generic products had enriched them progressively by orders of magnitude. The great capacity of generic vancomycin to select for less susceptible organisms raises concerns about the role of therapeutic inequivalence of any antimicrobial on the epidemiology of resistance worldwide.

X-ray Powder Diffraction Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool in Early Predicting Bioavailability of Pharmaceutical Formulation Containing Polymorphic Drug Substance

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-254
Author(s):  
Abhishesh K. Mehata ◽  
Deepa Dehari ◽  
Senthil R. Ayyannan ◽  
Madaswamy S. Muthu
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Lower Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Physical Form

: X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) is a unique, solid-state analytical tool used to study the 3D structure of small or macromolecules by their x-ray diffraction or scattering patterns. X-ray diffraction by a crystal reflects the periodicity of crystal architecture; any imperfections within the crystal architecture can be easily identified by its poor diffraction pattern. Recently, an open crystallography database reported that more than 85 % of drug compounds are crystalline and exist in different polymorphic states. Physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical drug products composed of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients are interdependent on the physical state and forms in which APIs are distributed in excipients that determine the in-vivo and ex-vivo performance of the product. Amorphous APIs have relatively higher dissolution and bioavailability than crystalline form but with lower phase stability. During the formulation development and storage phase, the conversion is higher that largely impacts the bioavailability of the drug product. In this manuscript, we have presented the case study of itraconazole and apigenin; both are crystalline APIs, that, with the help of solid dispersion technology, are converted into amorphous drug products with enhanced oral bioavailability. The realtime monitoring of the physical form of API in the formulation was possible with the help of XRPD and other supporting data obtained from differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), which can be correlated with the dissolution and in-vivo performance of the formulation.

scholarly journals FDA's drug regulatory pathways, its development strategies and regulatory considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Iva Dhulia ◽  
Himani Patel ◽  
Narendra Chauhan ◽  
Nidhi Pardeshi
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Generic Products ◽  
Abbreviated New Drug Applications

People who are interested in drug development may be aware that New Drug Applications (NDA) and Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) are 2 of the FDA's regulatory pathways for how prescription drugs can be approved and ultimately reach the market. In basic terms, NDAs are for new drugs that have not yet been approved and ANDAs are for generic products. NDA, also called 505 (b)(1), is the format that manufacturers use to bring a formal proposal to the FDA that a new drug should be approved and made available for use by patients in the United States. Under 505(b)(1), all investigations supporting safety and effectiveness, both clinical and nonclinical, are conducted by or on behalf of the sponsor. The other pathway is termed as abbreviated because preclinical and clinical trials are not required. The abbreviated approval pathways are described in section 505(j) and 505(b)(2) of the FD&C Act and known as ANDA and Hybrid applications respectively. Hatch-Waxman amendments in 1984 provided for a suitability petition that allows the application of ANDA for a drug product that differs from the RLD in its dosage form, route of administration, strength, or active ingredient (in a product with more than one active ingredient). The differences allowed for suitability petition and 505(b)(2) application are same but ANDA filed through suitability petition can contain only those differences that do not need clinical evidence for efficacy and safety. This article identifies considerations to help potential applicants determine the appropriate submission pathway, its development strategies to support approval under those pathways.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Excipient Risk in BCS Class I and III Biowaivers

2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Metry ◽  
James E. Polli
Keyword(s):  
Drug Product ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Product Regulatory ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Fda Guidance ◽  
Regulatory Guidance

AbstractThe objective of this review article is to summarize literature data pertinent to potential excipient effects on intestinal drug permeability and transit. Despite the use of excipients in drug products for decades, considerable research efforts have been directed towards evaluating their potential effects on drug bioavailability. Potential excipient concerns stem from drug formulation changes (e.g., scale-up and post-approval changes, development of a new generic product). Regulatory agencies have established in vivo bioequivalence standards and, as a result, may waive the in vivo requirement, known as a biowaiver, for some oral products. Biowaiver acceptance criteria are based on the in vitro characterization of the drug substance and drug product using the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Various regulatory guidance documents have been issued regarding BCS-based biowaivers, such that the current FDA guidance is more restrictive than prior guidance, specifically about excipient risk. In particular, sugar alcohols have been identified as potential absorption-modifying excipients. These biowaivers and excipient risks are discussed here.

scholarly journals In Vivo Predictive Dissolution Testing of Montelukast Sodium Formulations Administered with Drinks and Soft Foods to Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Martir ◽  
T. Flanagan ◽  
J. Mann ◽  
N. Fotaki
Keyword(s):  
Drug Product ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Dissolution Testing ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
Direct Administration ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In vitro dissolution testing conditions that reflect and predict in vivo drug product performance are advantageous, especially for the development of paediatric medicines, as clinical testing in this population is hindered by ethical and technical considerations. The aim of this study was to develop an in vivo predictive dissolution test in order to investigate the impact of medicine co-administration with soft food and drinks on the dissolution performance of a poorly soluble compound. Relevant in vitro dissolution conditions simulating the in vivo gastrointestinal environment of infants were used to establish in vitro-in vivo relationships with corresponding in vivo data. Dissolution studies of montelukast formulations were conducted with mini-paddle apparatus on a two-stage approach: infant fasted-state simulated gastric fluid (Pi-FaSSGF; for 1 h) followed by either infant fasted-state or infant fed-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF-V2 or Pi-FeSSIF, respectively; for 3 h). The dosing scenarios tested reflected in vivo paediatric administration practices: (i.) direct administration of formulation; (ii.) formulation co-administered with vehicles (formula, milk or applesauce). Drug dissolution was significantly affected by co-administration of the formulation with vehicles compared with after direct administration of the formulation. Montelukast dissolution from the granules was significantly higher under fed-state simulated intestinal conditions in comparison with the fasted state and was predictive of the in vivo performance when the granules are co-administered with milk. This study supports the potential utility of the in vitro biorelevant dissolution approach proposed to predict in vivo formulation performance after co-administration with vehicles, in the paediatric population.

scholarly journals Where is Industry Getting it Wrong? A Review of Quality Concerns Raised at Day 120 by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use during European Centralised Marketing Authorisation Submissions for Chemical Entity Medicinal Products

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Joseph Borg ◽  
Jean-Louis Robert ◽  
George Wade ◽  
George Aislaitner ◽  
Michal Pirozynski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Authorisation ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chemical Entity ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Consistent Information ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT – Purpose. The aim of this study was to identify common trends in the deficiencies identified in the quality part of the dossier during the evaluation of marketing authorisation applications for medicinal products for human use submitted through the EU’s centralised procedure. Methods. We analysed all the adopted Day 120 list of questions on the quality module of 52 marketing authorisation applications for chemical entity medicinal products submitted to the European Medicines Agency and evaluated by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), during 12 consecutive plenary meetings held in 2007 and 2008. Subsequently we calculated the frequency of common deficiencies identified across these applications. Results. Frequencies and trends on quality deficiencies have been recorded and presented for 52 marketing authorisation applications. 32 “Major Objections” originated from 13 marketing authorisation applications. 13 concerned were raised regarding drug substances and 19 for drug products. Furthermore, 905 concerns on drug substance and 1,054 on drug product were also adopted. Conclusions. The impact of the frequencies and trends in quality deficiencies that were identified are discussed from a regulatory point of view. It is expected that the results of this study will not only be of interest to pharmaceutical companies but will also aid regulators’ in obtaining consistent information on drug products based on transparent rules safeguarding the necessary pharmaceutical quality of medicinal products.

scholarly journals Patient Centric Pharmaceutical Drug Product Design—The Impact on Medication Adherence

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrica Menditto ◽  
Valentina Orlando ◽  
Giuseppe De Rosa ◽  
Paola Minghetti ◽  
Umberto Musazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drug ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drug Product Design ◽  
Patient Centric ◽  
Adherence To Therapy

Medication adherence is a growing concern for public health and poor adherence to therapy has been associated with poor health outcomes and higher costs for patients. Interventions for improving adherence need to consider the characteristics of the individual therapeutic regimens according to the needs of the patients. In particular, geriatric and paediatric populations as well as dermatological patients have special needs/preferences that should be considered when designing drug products. Patient Centric Drug Product Pharmaceutical Design (PCDPD) offers the opportunity to meet the needs and preferences of patients. Packaging, orodispersible formulations, fixed dose combinations products, multiparticulate formulations, topical formulations and 3D printing are of particular relevance in a PCDPD process. These will be addressed in this review as well as their impact on medication adherence.

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