scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION OF AQUATIC AND SEMIAQUATIC BIRDS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOICE OF KEY POINTS OF MONITORING OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Alekseev ◽  
T. A. Murashkina ◽  
J. M. Jamalutdinov ◽  
S. S. Abdullaev ◽  
K. A. Akhmedrabadanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Republic

Aim. The aim of the work is to carry out an analysis of the wetlands of the Republic of Dagestan in order to justify the selection of the collecting sites for material from migratory aquatic and semi aquatic birds in order to monitor the influenza A virus.Material and methods. Studying scientific publications of different years and available information on the wetlands of the Caspian Dagestan allowed establishing the areas of concentration of aquatic and semiaquatic birds where effective sampling for avian influenza is possible.Results. The spread of avian influenza viruses in nature is inextricably linked with migration of birds. Due to the presence of a large number of reservoirs, the western part of the Caspian region brings together large populations of wild waterbirds from various places within their migration routes. Mass accumulation encourages the interaction of birds of different species and populations, which in turn creates favorable conditions for the spread of various viral diseases.Conclusion. For an integrated assessment of the state of aquatic and semiaquatic bird populations, as well as monitoring the avian influenza infection rates, it is proposed to consider as model areas the wetlands of the Lake Aji (Papas), Lake Yuzhny Agrakhan, Agrakhansky Gulf, the Terek River delta and the Achikolsky systems of lake.

scholarly journals Modern application and prospects of the stable isotopes  method for studying avian influenza A virus transmission   in migratory birds

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
O. R. Druzyaka ◽  
A. V. Druzyaka ◽  
M. A. Gulyaeva ◽  
F. Huettmann ◽  
A. M. Shestopalov
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bird Migration ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Avian Influenza A Virus

Aim. The circulation and transmission of pathogens is a global biological phenomenon that is closely associated with bird migration. This analysis was carried out with  the aim of understanding and assessing the prospects of using the stable isotope  method to study the circulation and transmission of the avian influenza A virus via  migratory birds. Discussion. Insufficient data on the distances of migration of infected birds and their  interpopulational relationships leaves open the question of the transmission of highly pathogenic influenza viruses (HSV) in the wild bird population. A deeper study of  the role of migrations in the spread of HSV may possibly allow the more effective  investigation of the transmission of the viral pathogen between individuals at migration stopover sites and the clarification of global migration routes. New methodological approaches are providing a more complete picture of the geography and phenology of migrations, as well as of the consequences of migratory behavior for species biology. The study of the quantitative component of migratory flows based on  the analysis of the content of stable isotopes (SIMS) in bird tissues seems very promising. This method is being applied to the solution of various environmental issues,  including the study of animal migrations.   Conclusion. Based on data from the scientific literature, it is shown that SIMS is  promising for the clarification of bird migration routes and the quantification of their  intensity. The resolving power of the method is sufficient to determine the migration  pathways of carriers of viral pathogens on the scale of zoogeographic subdomains  and in even further detail. However, to date, there have been few such studies: in  Russia they have not been conducted at all. The increased use of the SIMS methodology may possibly reveal new ways in which viral infections are spread via birds.  

scholarly journals A30 Avian influenza viruses in wild birds: Virus evolution in a multi-host ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Venkatesh ◽  
Marjolein J Poen ◽  
Theo M Bestebroer ◽  
Rachel D Scheuer ◽  
Oanh Vuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
East African ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Under Sampling ◽  
The Republic

Abstract Wild ducks and gulls are the major reservoirs for avian influenza A viruses (AIVs). The mechanisms that drive AIV evolution are complex at sites where various duck and gull species from multiple flyways breed, winter, or stage. The Republic of Georgia is located at the intersection of three migratory flyways: the Central Asian Flyway, East Asian/East African Flyway, and Black Sea/Mediterranean Flyway. For six consecutive years (2010–6), we collected AIV samples from various duck and gull species that breed, migrate, and overwinter in Georgia. We found substantial subtype diversity of viruses that varied in prevalence from year to year. Low pathogenic (LP)AIV subtypes included H1N1, H2N3, H2N5, H2N7, H3N8, H4N2, H6N2, H7N3, H7N7, H9N1, H9N3, H10N4, H10N7, H11N1, H13N2, H13N6, H13N8, and H16N3, plus two H5N5 and H5N8 highly pathogenic (HP)AIVs belonging to clade 2.3.4.4. Whole-genome phylogenetic trees showed significant host species lineage restriction for nearly all gene segments and significant differences for LPAIVs among different host species in observed reassortment rates, as defined by quantification of phylogenetic incongruence, and in nucleotide diversity. Hemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 viruses, circulated in Eurasia during 2014–5 did not reassort, but analysis after its subsequent dissemination during 2016–7 revealed reassortment in all gene segments except NP and NS. Some virus lineages appeared to be unrelated to AIVs in wild bird populations in other regions with maintenance of local AIV viruses in Georgia, whereas other lineages showed considerable genetic inter-relationship with viruses circulating in other parts of Eurasia and Africa, despite relative under-sampling in the area.

scholarly journals RNA-Sequencing-Based Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Role for Annexin-A1 in Classical and Influenza A Virus-Induced Autophagy

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhou Cui ◽  
Dhakshayini Morgan ◽  
Dao Han Cheng ◽  
Sok Lin Foo ◽  
Gracemary L. R. Yap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mtor Inhibitors ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Annexin A1 ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Influenza viruses have been shown to use autophagy for their survival. However, the proteins and mechanisms involved in the autophagic process triggered by the influenza virus are unclear. Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) is an immunomodulatory protein involved in the regulation of the immune response and Influenza A virus (IAV) replication. In this study, using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) deletion of ANXA1, combined with the next-generation sequencing, we systematically analyzed the critical role of ANXA1 in IAV infection as well as the detailed processes governing IAV infection, such as macroautophagy. A number of differentially expressed genes were uniquely expressed in influenza A virus-infected A549 parental cells and A549 ∆ANXA1 cells, which were enriched in the immune system and infection-related pathways. Gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway revealed the role of ANXA1 in autophagy. To validate this, the effect of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, starvation and influenza infection on autophagy was determined, and our results demonstrate that ANXA1 enhances autophagy induced by conventional autophagy inducers and influenza virus. These results will help us to understand the underlying mechanisms of IAV infection and provide a potential therapeutic target for restricting influenza viral replication and infection.

scholarly journals Infection of Human Airway Epithelium by Human and Avian Strains of Influenza A Virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (16) ◽  
pp. 8060-8068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine I. Thompson ◽  
Wendy S. Barclay ◽  
Maria C. Zambon ◽  
Raymond J. Pickles
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Airway Epithelium ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Human Viruses

ABSTRACT We describe the characterization of influenza A virus infection of an established in vitro model of human pseudostratified mucociliary airway epithelium (HAE). Sialic acid receptors for both human and avian viruses, α-2,6- and α-2,3-linked sialic acids, respectively, were detected on the HAE cell surface, and their distribution accurately reflected that in human tracheobronchial tissue. Nonciliated cells present a higher proportion of α-2,6-linked sialic acid, while ciliated cells possess both sialic acid linkages. Although we found that human influenza viruses infected both ciliated and nonciliated cell types in the first round of infection, recent human H3N2 viruses infected a higher proportion of nonciliated cells in HAE than a 1968 pandemic-era human virus, which infected proportionally more ciliated cells. In contrast, avian influenza viruses exclusively infected ciliated cells. Although a broad-range neuraminidase abolished infection of HAE by human parainfluenza virus type 3, this treatment did not significantly affect infection by influenza viruses. All human viruses replicated efficiently in HAE, leading to accumulation of nascent virus released from the apical surface between 6 and 24 h postinfection with a low multiplicity of infection. Avian influenza A viruses also infected HAE, but spread was limited compared to that of human viruses. The nonciliated cell tropism of recent human H3N2 viruses reflects a preference for the sialic acid linkages displayed on these cell types and suggests a drift in the receptor binding phenotype of the H3 hemagglutinin protein as it evolves in humans away from its avian virus precursor.

scholarly journals In vitro demonstration of neural transmission of avian influenza A virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Matsuda ◽  
Takuma Shibata ◽  
Yoshihiro Sakoda ◽  
Hiroshi Kida ◽  
Takashi Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza A Virus ◽  
Neural Transmission ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neural involvement following infections of influenza viruses can be serious. The neural transport of influenza viruses from the periphery to the central nervous system has been indicated by using mouse models. However, no direct evidence for neuronal infection has been obtained in vitro and the mechanisms of neural transmission of influenza viruses have not been reported. In this study, the transneural transmission of a neurotropic influenza A virus was examined using compartmentalized cultures of neurons from mouse dorsal root ganglia, and the results were compared with those obtained using the pseudorabies virus, a virus with well-established neurotransmission. Both viruses reached the cell bodies of the neurons via the axons. This is the first report on axonal transport of influenza A virus in vitro. In addition, the role of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments) in the neural transmission of influenza virus was investigated by conducting cytoskeletal perturbation experiments. The results indicated that the transport of avian influenza A virus in the neurons was independent of microtubule integrity but was dependent on the integrity of intermediate filaments, whereas pseudorabies virus needed both for neural spread.

scholarly journals Laboratory preparedness in EU/EEA countries for detection of novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, May 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Broberg ◽  
D Pereyaslov ◽  
M Struelens ◽  
D Palm ◽  
A Meijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Rt Pcr

Following human infections with novel avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe and the European Reference Laboratory Network for Human Influenza (ERLI-Net) rapidly posted relevant information, including real-time RT-PCR protocols. An influenza RNA sequence-based computational assessment of detection capabilities for this virus was conducted in 32 national influenza reference laboratories in 29 countries, mostly WHO National Influenza Centres participating in the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). Twenty-seven countries considered their generic influenza A virus detection assay to be appropriate for the novel A(H7N9) viruses. Twenty-two countries reported having containment facilities suitable for its isolation and propagation. Laboratories in 27 countries had applied specific H7 real-time RT-PCR assays and 20 countries had N9 assays in place. Positive control virus RNA was provided by the WHO Collaborating Centre in London to 34 laboratories in 22 countries to allow evaluation of their assays. Performance of the generic influenza A virus detection and H7 and N9 subtyping assays was good in 24 laboratories in 19 countries. The survey showed that ERLI-Net laboratories had rapidly developed and verified good capability to detect the novel A(H7N9) influenza viruses.

scholarly journals Comparison of serum treatments to remove nonspecific inhibitors from chicken sera for the hemagglutination inhibition test with inactivated H5N1 and H9N2 avian Influenza A virus subtypes

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 954-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye-Ryoung Kim ◽  
Kyoung-Ki Lee ◽  
Yong-Kuk Kwon ◽  
Min-Su Kang ◽  
Oun-Kyung Moon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Chicken Serum ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Avian Influenza A Virus ◽  
Cell Adsorption

The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is the standard diagnostic test for detection of antibodies to avian influenza viruses. It is well known that chicken serum does not require additional serum pretreatment to remove nonspecific inhibitors (NSIs). However, NSIs were recognized in certain Korean local breeds. In the present study, various treatments were compared to remove such NSIs. Heat treatment, red blood cell adsorption, and kaolin treatment did not remove NSIs effectively, and treatment with periodate only partly eliminated the NSIs. Receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) treatment appeared to effectively remove NSIs from chicken sera, regardless of breeds. It is proposed that RDE treatment should be included in the HI tests for serological diagnosis of avian Influenza A virus.

scholarly journals M2e-based universal influenza vaccines: a historical overview and new approaches to development

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Mezhenskaya ◽  
Irina Isakova-Sivak ◽  
Larisa Rudenko
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
M2 Protein ◽  
Random Intervals ◽  
Universal Influenza Vaccine

Abstract The influenza A virus was isolated for the first time in 1931, and the first attempts to develop a vaccine against the virus began soon afterwards. In addition to causing seasonal epidemics, influenza viruses can cause pandemics at random intervals, which are very hard to predict. Vaccination is the most effective way of preventing the spread of influenza infection. However, seasonal vaccination is ineffective against pandemic influenza viruses because of antigenic differences, and it takes approximately six months from isolation of a new virus to develop an effective vaccine. One of the possible ways to fight the emergence of pandemics may be by using a new type of vaccine, with a long and broad spectrum of action. The extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus is a conservative region, and an attractive target for a universal influenza vaccine. This review gives a historical overview of the study of M2 protein, and summarizes the latest developments in the preparation of M2e-based universal influenza vaccines.

scholarly journals The PB2-E627K Mutation Attenuates Viruses Containing the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic Polymerase

mBio ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett W. Jagger ◽  
Matthew J. Memoli ◽  
Zong-Mei Sheng ◽  
Li Qi ◽  
Rachel J. Hrabal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pandemic Virus ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

ABSTRACTThe swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in early 2009 and caused the first influenza pandemic in 41 years. The virus has spread efficiently to both the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres and has been associated with over 16,000 deaths. Given the virus’s recent zoonotic origin, there is concern that the virus could acquire signature mutations associated with the enhanced pathogenicity of previous pandemic viruses or H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential. We tested the hypothesis that mutations in the polymerase PB2 gene at residues 627 and 701 would enhance virulence but found that influenza viruses containing these mutations in the context of the pandemic virus polymerase complex are attenuated in cell culture and mice.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A virus (IAV) evolution is characterized by host-specific lineages, and IAVs derived in whole or in part from animal reservoirs have caused pandemics in humans. Because IAVs are known to acquire host-adaptive genome mutations, and since the PB2 gene of the 2009 H1N1 virus is of recent avian derivation, there exists concern that the pathogenicity of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic virus could be potentiated by acquisition of the host-adaptive PB2-E627K or -D701N mutations, which have been shown to enhance the virulence of other influenza viruses. We present data from a mouse model of influenza infection showing that such mutations do not increase the virulence of viruses containing the 2009 H1N1 viral polymerase.

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