Impacts of Health Reform Plan in Iran on Health Payments Distributions and Catastrophic Expenditure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza JOSHANI KHEIBARI ◽  
Reza ESMAEILI ◽  
Mahmood KAZEMIAN
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Financial Variables ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Food Share

Background: Health reform in Iran began in 2014, aimed at improving financing pattern of health services. We assessed the reform by changes in variables representing distribution of health payments and catastrophic expenditures. Methods: Using data from households’ income-expenditure survey, this study computed the financial variables, representing poverty line and households at poor state, household’s catastrophic health expenditure, fairness in financial contribution (FFC) index, and household’s impoverishment state, in the years 2010-2016, in urban and rural areas. The variables were computed by special software designed for this study, based on C-Sharp(C#) programming language, with yearly data on more than 38000 households, each with 1072 information sources. Results: The food share-based poverty line after sharp rise in 2010-2013, in 2014-2016 raised slowly, and the average percent of households facing catastrophic health expenditure, after sharp rise in 2011-2013, left at 3.25 in 2014-2015 and raised to 3.45 in 2016. The average FFC index remained at 0.839 to 0.837 in 2013-2016. However, interestingly, the average percent of households impoverished after out-of-pocket payments improved from 1.36 to 0.912 in 2013-2016. Conclusion: In three years of health reform, the major impact of reform was considerable improvements in the rate of the impoverished after out-of-pocket payments. The reform had limited impacts on the rates of households facing catastrophic health expenditure, and on FFC indexes, for the rural and urban residents.

scholarly journals Progress on Catastrophic Health Expenditure in China: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2010 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Ma ◽  
Ziyue Wang ◽  
Xiaoyun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Catastrophic Expenditure ◽  
Robust Variance ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Panel Studies

Background: To provide an updated estimate of the level and change in catastrophic health expenditure in China and examine the association between catastrophic health expenditure and family net income, we obtained data from four waves of the China Family Panel Studies conducted between 2010 and 2016. Method: We defined catastrophic health expenditure as out-of-pocket payments equaling or exceeding 40% of the household’s capacity to pay. The Poisson regression with robust variance and generalized estimated equation (Poisson-GEE) model was used to quantify the level and change of catastrophic health expenditure, as well as the association between catastrophic heath expenditure and family net income. Result: Overall, the incidence of catastrophic expenditure in China experienced a 0.70-fold change between 2010 (12.57%) and 2016 (8.94%). The incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) decreased more in the poorest income quintile than the richest income quintile (annual decrease of 1.17% vs. 0.24% in urban areas, p < 0.001; 1.64% vs. −0.02% in rural areas, p < 0.001). Every 100% increase in income was associated with a 14% relative-risk reduction in CHE (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.85–0.88) after adjusting for demographics, health needs, and health utilization characteristics; this association was weaker in recent years. Conclusion: Our analysis found that China made progress to reduce catastrophic health expenditure, especially for poorer groups. Income growth is strongly associated with this change.

scholarly journals National and Provincial Estimates of Catastrophic Health Expenditure and its Determinants in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-746
Author(s):  
Arjun Kumar Thapa ◽  
Achyut Raj Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
The Government

Background: Despite various supply-side efforts, out of pocket expenditure occupies a considerable portion of healthcare financing in Nepal. With the recent process of federalization in country, there is additional scope for contextualized planning at provincial level to prevent catastrophic health expenditure among Nepalese households. In this context, this study intends to estimate the proportion of population facing catastrophic health expenditure at national and provincial level and identify the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure.Methods: This study involved analysis of Nepal Living Standard Survey III, which was a cross sectional study. Out of 5,988 households comprising 28,460 individuals, data from total of 7,911 individuals who reported having acute or chronic illness was extracted and analyzed in the study.Results: In the study, 11.11% of households had faced catastrophic health expenditure. Catastrophic health expenditure was found to be 11.3% in Province 1, 9.4% in Province 2, 10.7% in Bagmati Province, 10% in Gandaki Province, 11.7% in Lumbini Province, 13.3% in Karnali Province and 13.4% in Sudurpaschim Province. Household size, literacy status of household head, consumption quintile, urban or rural residence, type of illness and type of health facility visited were identified as determinants of catastrophic health expenditure.Conclusions: A tenth of households, most of whom lying below poverty line, residing in rural areas, suffering from chronic illness are facing catastrophic healthcare burden. The government needs to pursue its equity-oriented strategies preventing catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment associated with it.Keywords: Catastrophic health expenditure; out of pocket payment; Nepal

scholarly journals Trends in Out of Pocket Payments and Catastrophic Health Expenditure in the Kyrgyz Republic Post the “Den Sooluk” Health Reform, 2012 - 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Iamschikova ◽  
Roman Mogilevskii ◽  
Michael N Onah
Keyword(s):  
Health Reform ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments

Abstract Background: To examine the trends in out- of- pocket health payments (OOPPs) and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure post the “Den Sooluk” health reform, we used data from the Kyrgyzstan Integrated Household Survey (2012 – 2018). Methods: Population-weighted descriptive statistics were used to examine the trends in OOPPs and catastrophic health expenditure at three thresholds; 10 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata10), 25 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata25) and 40 percent of total household non-food consumption expenditure (Cata40). Panel and cross-sectional logistic regression with marginal effects were used to examine the predictors of Cata10 and Cata40. Findings: Between 2012 and 2018, OOPPs increased by about US $6 and inpatient costs placed the highest cost burden on users (US $13.6), followed by self-treatment (US $10.7), and outpatient costs (US $9). Medication continues to predominantly drive inpatient, outpatient, and self-treatment OOPPs. About 0.378 to 2.084 million people (6 – 33 percent) of the population incurred catastrophic health expenditure at the three thresholds between 2012 and 2018. Residing in households headed by a widowed or single head, or residing in rural regions, increases the likelihood of incurring catastrophic health expenditure.Conclusions: The initial progress in the reduction of OOPPs and catastrophic health expenditure gained appear to gradually erode since costs continue to increase after an initial decline and catastrophic health expenditure continues to rise unabated. Efforts needs to be made to check the rising out-of-pocket costs to enable a reduction in catastrophic health payments.

scholarly journals Decomposing inequality in catastrophic health expenditure for self-reported hypertension household in Urban Shaanxi, China from 2008 to 2013: two waves’ cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e023033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafei Si ◽  
Zhongliang Zhou ◽  
Min Su ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xin Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectiveDespite the latest wave of China’s healthcare reform initiated in 2009 has achieved unprecedented progress in rural areas, little is known for specific vulnerable groups’ catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in urban China. This study aims to estimate the trend of incidence, intensity and inequality of CHE in hypertension households (households with one or more than one hypertension patient) in urban Shaanxi, China from 2008 to 2013.MethodsBased on the fourth and the fifth National Health Service Surveys of Shaanxi, we identified 460 and 1289 households with hypertension in 2008 and 2013, respectively for our analysis. We classified hypertension households into two groups: simplex households (with hypertension only) and mixed households (with hypertension plus other non-communicable diseases). CHE would be identified if out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure was equal to or higher than 40% of a household’s capacity to pay. Concentration index and its decomposition based on Probit regressions were employed to measure the income-related inequality of CHE.ResultsWe find that CHE occurred in 11.2% of the simplex households and 22.1% of the mixed households in 2008, and the 21.5% of the simplex households and the 46.9% of mixed households incurred CHE in 2013. Furthermore, there were strong pro-poor inequalities in CHE in the simplex households (−0.279 and −0.283) and mixed households (−0.362 and −0.262) both in 2008 and 2013. The majority of observed inequalities in CHE could be associated with household economic status, household head’s health status and having elderly members.ConclusionWe find a sharp increase of CHE occurrence and the sustained strong pro-poor inequalities for simplex and mixed households in urban Shaanxi Province of China from 2008 to 2013. Our study suggests that more concerns are needed for the vulnerable groups such as hypertension households in urban areas of China.

scholarly journals Examining the Effect of Executing the Health Reform Plan on the Share of Insurances, Franchise, and Health Subsidies in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd in 2013-2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Reza Motalehi ◽  
Elham Roshanian ◽  
Mohammad Reza Vafaeinasab ◽  
Masoud Saffari
Keyword(s):  
Health Reform ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Costs ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Out Of Pocket Costs

Background: The Health Reform Plan was begun in 2014 as one of the most significant programs of the Ministry of Health to reduce hospitalization and out-of-pocket costs paid by people. Hence, we consider examining the economic consequences of this plan as one of the research priorities in this field. This study aimed to examine the effect of implementing the Health Reform Plan on the share of basic, supplementary insurances, franchise, and health subsidies from medical expenses in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd in 2013-2016. Methods: This study is a descriptive study conducted in a quantitative and cross-sectional method. The study population included patients' bills in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd. All patient's hospitalization files were examined by the census method. Information was extracted from financial documents and data in the hospital's HIS system. We referred to the basic and supplementary insurance organizations of the province to complete the data. Descriptive statistics and were used to analyze the obtained data by using SPSS16 Software. Results: Generally, it was specified that the share of basic and supplementary insurances had not changed considerably due to the doubling of the whole costs of patients 'files, and basic insurances will pay on average 76 % of patients' costs. But, the patient's share of out-of-pocket payments has declined from 21 % to 11 %, which the Ministry of Health and Medical Education will pay this 10 percentage through the health subsidy to the affiliated centers. Conclusion: This study's results explained an increase in patient's health costs and a decrease in patient's out-of-pocket costs. Consequently, it is required to pay attention to methods to increase medical centers' efficiency to reduce health costs. Furthermore, large-scale/macro programs should be designed and implemented at the national level to reduce patient's out-of-pocket payments.

scholarly journals Trends in out of pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditure in the Kyrgyz Republic post “Manas Taalimi” and  “Den Sooluk” health reforms, 2012 - 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Iamschikova ◽  
Roman Mogilevskii ◽  
Michael N Onah
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Health Reforms ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments

Abstract Background: Over the years, the Kyrgyz Republic has implemented health reforms that target health financing with the aim of removing financial barriers to healthcare including out-of-pocket health payments (OOPPs). This study examines the trends in OOPPs and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) post the “Manas Taalimi” and “Den Sooluk” health reforms. Methods: We used data from the Kyrgyzstan Integrated Household Surveys (2012 – 2018). Population-weighted descriptive statistics were used to examine the trends in OOPPs and CHE at three thresholds; 10 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata10), 25 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata25) and 40 percent of total household non-food consumption expenditure (Cata40). Panel and cross-sectional logistic regression with marginal effects were used to examine the predictors of Cata10 and Cata40. Findings: Between 2012 and 2018, OOPPs increased by about US $6 and inpatient costs placed the highest cost burden on users (US $13.6), followed by self-treatment (US $10.7), and outpatient costs (US $9). Medication continues to predominantly drive inpatient, outpatient, and self-treatment OOPPs. About 0.378 to 2.084 million people (6 – 33 percent) of the population incurred catastrophic health expenditure at the three thresholds between 2012 and 2018. Residing in households headed by a widowed or single head, or residing in rural regions, increases the likelihood of incurring catastrophic health expenditure. Conclusions: The initial gains in the reduction of OOPPs and catastrophic health expenditure appear to gradually erode since costs continue to increase after an initial decline and catastrophic health expenditure continues to rise unabated. This implies that households are increasingly incurring economic hardship from seeking healthcare. Considering that this could result to forgone expenditure on essential items including food and education, efforts should target the sustainability of these health reforms to sustain the reduction of catastrophic health payments and its dire consequences.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Nigeria: A Rural-Urban Comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Oladapo Ajayi ◽  
◽  
Demilade Olusola Ibirongbe ◽  
Tope Michael Ipinnimo ◽  
Oluremi Olayinka Solomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Household Heads

Background: Catastrophic health expenditure occurs when the burden of Out-of-pocket health expenditure has reached a certain level that a household must forego the expenditure on other basic needs of life to meet the health expenses of its member(s) of the household. Worldwide, over 44 million households suffer annually from financial catastrophe. This study intends to determine the prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure amongst rural and urban communities in Ekiti, Nigeria. Methodology: This is a comparative cross-sectional study of households within selected rural and urban communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A pre-tested interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data over a period of 4 months from a sample of 1,000 household heads, using a multistage sampling technique. Data obtained were then entered using the SPSS version 20 and analysed with STATA 12. Two different methodologies were used to calculate household catastrophic health expenditure, with sensitivity analysis done. Univariate analysis were used to describe the population in relation to relevant variables. Result: The prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure is high using the two methodological calculations. It was significantly higher in the rural areas, 18.5% than the urban areas, 12.8% (p=0.015) for first method; it was also higher in the rural areas, 8.3% compared to the urban areas, 2.5% (p<0.001) for the second method. Conclusion: Prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure is high in Nigeria, but worse in the rural areas. It’s therefore vital to establish financial and social intervention mechanisms that can protect households from incurring catastrophic health expenditure.

scholarly journals Effect of Critical Illness Insurance on Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure: The Latest Evidence from the National Health Service Survey in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anqi Li ◽  
Yeliang Shi ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Zhonghua Wang
Keyword(s):  
National Health Service ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Health Service ◽  
National Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Related Factors

Background: China fully implemented the critical illness insurance (CII) program in 2016 to alleviate the economic burden of diseases and reduce catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). With an aging society, it is necessary to analyze the extent of CHE among Chinese households and explore the effect of CII and other associated factors on CHE. Methods: Data were derived from the Sixth National Health Service Survey (NHSS, 2018) in Jiangsu Province. The incidence and intensity of CHE were calculated with a sample of 3660 households in urban and rural areas in Jiangsu Province, China. Logistic regression and multiple linear regression models were used for estimating the effect of CII and related factors on CHE. Results: The proportion of households with no one insured by CII was 50.08% (1833). At each given threshold, from 20% to 60%, the incidence and intensity were higher in rural households than in urban ones. CII implementation reduced the incidence of CHE but increased the intensity of CHE. Meanwhile, the number of household members insured by CII did not affect CHE incidence but significantly decreased CHE intensity. Socioeconomic factors, such as marital status, education, employment, registered type of household head, household income and size, chronic disease status, and health service utilization, significantly affected household CHE. Conclusions: Policy effort should further focus on appropriate adjustments, such as dynamization of CII lists, medical cost control, increasing the CII coverage rate, and improving the reimbursement level to achieve the ultimate aim of using CII to protect Chinese households against financial risk caused by illness.

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