scholarly journals Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farideh Zafari Zangeneh ◽  
Maryam Sarmast Shoushtari
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Post Menopause ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Inflammatory Regulation ◽  
Antibody Levels

Objective: Female sex hormones have a pro-inflammatory effect, which may help to minimize inflammation. Estrogen's immunoregulatory properties play a significant role in the bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune activity in females. As a result, sex hormones can play a role in men's high mortality rate from coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). It is aimed to clarify the role of 17-estradiol (E2) in the battle against COVID-19. Materials and methods: Until April 2021, a study on PubMed was performed. COVID-19, 17-estradiol (E2), immunoregulatory properties, pregnancy, menopausal symptoms, hormonal therapy, ER/ expression on immune cells, and mortality were some of the concepts used in the search. Results: Regulation of pro-inflammatory immune processes against COVID-19 appears to be associated with increased immune function (pro-inflammatory), anti-inflammatory regulation, and antiviral defense. Women with a severe coronavirus infection had higher serum IgG antibody levels than men, and their IgG production was faster in the early stages of infection. 17-estradiol (E2) levels of blood will increase by 100-fold during pregnancy. COVID-19 in pregnant women had a 15-fold lower mortality rate than other women. While menopause replacement therapy (MRT) for pre/post-menopausal women and its effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 infection is debatable. Conclusion: MRT may be considered as a viable treatment option for pre/post-menopause women with coronavirus, referring to the fact that sex hormones reduce inflammatory responses and modulate ACE2 expression. The task's difficulty and achieving the desired outcome seem to be challenging.

scholarly journals Antibody Response to Pertussis Vaccination in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women—The Role of Sex Hormones

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Victoria Peer ◽  
Khitam Muhsen ◽  
Moshe Betser ◽  
Manfred S Green
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Antibody Levels

Pertussis containing vaccine is recommended for pregnant women to protect neonates prior to being fully immunized against the disease. The immune response during pregnancy may be impacted by changes in the hormonal status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response to pertussis immunization in pregnancy and to assess the role of sex hormones. In a cross-sectional study, blood samples were drawn from 174 pregnant and 74 non-pregnant women 45–60 days following immunization. Anti-pertussis toxin (Anti-PT) IgG antibody levels, estrogen, and progestogen concentrations were compared between the two groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between serum antibody and sex hormone concentrations in each group, controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status. The geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-PT IgG antibody was significantly higher in non-pregnant women compared with pregnant women (median of 2.09 and 1.86, interquartile range = 2.36–1.8 and 2.11–1.16 respectively, p < 0.0001). Among pregnant women, the anti-PT IgG antibody GMC was negatively associated with both progesterone (odds ratio = 0.300, 95% CI = 0.116, 0.772, p = 0.013) and estrogen (odds ratio = 0.071, 95% CI = 0.017, 0.292, p < 0.0001), after controlling for age, BMI, and smoking. Pregnancy was associated with lower anti-PT IgG antibody levels (odds ratio = 0.413, 95% CI = −0.190, 0.899, p = 0.026). This appears to be at least partially explained by the higher levels of hormones during pregnancy. These findings demonstrate the important role of sex hormones in the response to pertussis vaccine during pregnancy and can help to evaluate the optimum vaccination schedule.

ANDROST-5-ENE-3β,17β-DIOL IN OVARY OF POST-MENOPAUSAL HYPEROESTROGENIC WOMEN

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pesonen ◽  
M. Ikonen ◽  
B-J. Procopé ◽  
A. Saure
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Post Menopause ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT The ovaries of ten patients, at least one year after the post-menopause, were incubated with two Δ5-C19-steroids and also studied histochemically. All these patients had post-menopausal uterine bleeding and increased oestrogen excretion of the urine. The urinary estimations of gonadotrophins, 17-KS, 17-OHCS and pregnanediol were carried out on all patients. Vaginal smears were read according to Papanicolaou, and the endometrium and ovaries were studied histologically. The incubation experiments indicate the presence of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase. When androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol was used as precursor the formation of testosterone occurred without any concomitant production of DHA and/or androstenedione. This seems to indicate the possible role of the Δ5-pathway in the formation of testosterone by post-menopausal ovarian tissue. The histochemical reactions indicated a reducing activity on NADH, lactate and glucose-6-phosphate, in certain corpora albicantia, atretic follicles and in diffuse thecoma regions in the cortical layer of the ovary. Steroid-3β-ol-dehydrogenase and β-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase were found only at the edges of certain corpora albicantia, in some individual stroma cell groups and in some atretic follicles. Our studies, both biochemical and histochemical, suggest that the observed increase in the urinary oestrogens of the patients studied might in part at least, be of ovarian origin. This opinion is also supported by the postoperative oestrogen values.

Female Sex Hormones and Epilepsy

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Chakorn Chansakul
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Sex Hormones

scholarly journals The modulation of social behavior and empathy via oral contraceptives and female sex hormones

2021 ◽  
pp. 105250
Author(s):  
Julia Strojny ◽  
Gregor Domes ◽  
Urs Fischbacher ◽  
Bernadette von Dawans
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Sex Hormones

scholarly journals Structural Insight into CVB3-VLP Non-Adjuvanted Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
Minna M. Hankaniemi ◽  
Mo A. Baikoghli ◽  
Virginia M. Stone ◽  
Li Xing ◽  
Outi Väätäinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Single Particle Reconstruction ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Chronic Myocarditis ◽  
Flow Filtration ◽  
Antibody Levels

Coxsackievirus B (CVB) enteroviruses are common pathogens that can cause acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, aseptic meningitis, and they are hypothesized to be a causal factor in type 1 diabetes. The licensed enterovirus vaccines and those currently in clinical development are traditional inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Even though these vaccines work well in the prevention of enterovirus diseases, new vaccine technologies, like virus-like particles (VLPs), can offer important advantages in the manufacturing and epitope engineering. We have previously produced VLPs for CVB3 and CVB1 in insect cells. Here, we describe the production of CVB3-VLPs with enhanced production yield and purity using an improved purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography, which is compatible with industrial scale production. We also resolved the CVB3-VLP structure by Cryo-Electron Microscopy imaging and single particle reconstruction. The VLP diameter is 30.9 nm on average, and it is similar to Coxsackievirus A VLPs and the expanded enterovirus cell-entry intermediate (the 135s particle), which is ~2 nm larger than the mature virion. High neutralizing and total IgG antibody levels, the latter being a predominantly Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in C57BL/6J mice immunized with non-adjuvanted CVB3-VLP vaccine. The structural and immunogenic data presented here indicate the potential of this improved methodology to produce highly immunogenic enterovirus VLP-vaccines in the future.

scholarly journals Female sex hormones protect against salt-sensitive hypertension but not essential hypertension

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (2) ◽  
pp. R149-R157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystal N. Brinson ◽  
Olga Rafikova ◽  
Jennifer C. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Serine Residue ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Salt Sensitive Hypertension

Initial studies found that female Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats exhibit greater blood pressure (BP) salt sensitivity than female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). On the basis of the central role played by NO in sodium excretion and BP control, we further tested the hypothesis that blunted increases in BP in female SHR will be accompanied by greater increases in renal inner medullary nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and expression in response to a high-salt (HS) diet compared with DS rats. Gonad-intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female SHR and DS rats were placed on normal salt (NS; 0.4% salt) or HS (4% salt) diet for 2 wk. OVX did not alter BP in SHR, and HS diet produced a modest increase in BP. OVX significantly increased BP in DS rats on NS; HS further increased BP in all DS rats, although OVX had a greater increase in BP. Renal inner medullary NOS activity, total NOS3 protein, and NOS3 phosphorylated on serine residue 1177 were not altered by salt or OVX in either strain. NOS1 protein expression, however, significantly increased with HS only in SHR, and this corresponded to an increase in urinary nitrate/nitrite excretion. SHR also exhibit greater NOS1 and NOS3 protein expression than DS rats. These data indicate that female sex hormones offer protection against HS-mediated elevations in BP in DS rats but not SHR. We propose that the relative resistance to HS-mediated increases in BP in SHR is related to greater NOS expression and the ability to increase NOS1 protein expression compared with DS rats.

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