Herpetic infection in otorhinolaryngology as a multimorbidity factor

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
A. V. Shabrov ◽  
◽  
I. A. Gorbacheva ◽  
Yu. A. Fominykh ◽  
Yu. A. Sycheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Sinusitis ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
Recombinant Interferon ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Focal Infection ◽  
The Status ◽  
Interferon System ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Nose And Throat

The search for common links of etiology and pathogenesis in the formation of comorbid pathology in modern patients opens up additional opportunities for increasing the effectiveness of their treatment and is an important problem in scientific and practical medicine. The extreme prevalence of chronic persistence of immunotropic viruses, such as herpes genotypes 4,5,6 types, requires a study of its consequences in the human body and the involvement in its infectious-dependent morbidity, such as the formation of multiple chronic foci of infection in the ear, nose and throat with frequent and prolonged exacerbations. The work shows that chronic sinusitis, nasopharyngitis, tonsillitis associated with chronic herpesvirus persistence form the status of frequently and long-term ill people against the background of pronounced immuno-compromise with quantitative and functional T- and B-cell deficiency, insufficient resources of α and γ- interferon. The study presents a positive experience of replenishing the deficiency of α and γ-interferons with recombinant drugs of the same name in comorbid ENT patients. The aim of the study was to increase the efficiency of treatment of patients with concomitant chronic focal infection in the ear, nose and throat against the background of chronic persistence of herpesvirus infection. Materials and methods: Comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination of 45 carriers of herpes simplex virus genotypes 4,5, 6 at the age of 29 to 52 years made it possible to establish in them a comorbid chronic focal infection in the LOR organs: chronic sinusitis, chronic nasopharyngitis, chronic tonsillitis. Results: The observed patients had a statistically significant (p < 0.01) deficiency of NK cells with receptors CD16+, CD56+ and B cells with markers CD19+, CD5+ against the background of peripheral blood lymphocytosis with an increase in the content of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 +) marker in some patients. All patients showed a significant decrease in interferon system resources (p < 0.01). Replacement therapy with recombinant preparations of α- and γ-interferons led to restoration of interferon system parameters and was accompanied by improvement of immunological blood indices, both quantitative and functional characteristics of T-and B-lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, this dynamics was matched by improvement of patients, confirmed by results of questionnaire. Conclusions: Thus, the positive experience of antiviral therapy by restoring the resources of the interferon system and immune recovery with recombinant interferon drugs indicates the important role of herpes virus carrier in the formation of comorbidity and the need for etiological treatment to improve the condition and quality of life of patients.

Effects of cytokines on mycobacterial phagosome maturation

1998 ◽  
Vol 111 (7) ◽  
pp. 897-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.E. Via ◽  
R.A. Fratti ◽  
M. McFalone ◽  
E. Pagan-Ramos ◽  
D. Deretic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Phagosome Maturation ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
The Status ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
A Minor

One of the major mechanisms permitting intracellular pathogens to parasitize macrophages is their ability to alter maturation of the phagosome or affect its physical integrity. These processes are opposed by the host innate and adaptive immune defenses, and in many instances mononuclear phagocytes can be stimulated with appropriate cytokines to restrict the growth of the microorganisms within the phagosomal compartment. Very little is known about the effects that cytokines have on phagosome maturation. Here we have used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled mycobacteria and a fixable acidotropic probe, LysoTracker Red DND-99, to monitor maturation of the mycobacterial phagosome. The macrophage compartments that stained with the LysoTracker probe were examined first. This dye was found to colocalize preferentially with the late endosomal and lysosomal markers rab7 and Lamp1, and with a fluid phase marker chased into the late endosomal compartments. In contrast, LysoTracker showed only a minor overlap with the early endosomal marker rab5. Pathogenic mycobacteria are believed to reside in nonacidified vacuoles sequestered away from late endosomal compartments as a part of their intracellular survival strategy. We examined the status of mycobacterial phagosomes in macrophages from IL-10 knockout mice, in quiescent cells, and in mononuclear phagocytes stimulated with the macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-(gamma). When macrophages were derived from the bone marrow of transgenic IL-10 mice lacking this major deactivating cytokine, colocalization of GFP-fluorescing mycobacteria with the LysoTracker staining appeared enhanced, suggestive of increased acidification of the mycobacterial phagosome relative to macrophages from normal mice. When bone marrow-derived macrophages from normal mice or a J774 murine macrophage cell line were stimulated with IFN-(gamma) and LPS, this resulted in increased colocalization of mycobacteria and LysoTracker, but no statistically significant enhancement was observed in IL-10 transgenic animals. These studies are consistent with the interpretation that proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines affect maturation of mycobacterial phagosomes. Although multiple mechanisms are likely to be at work, we propose the existence of a direct link between cytokine effects on the host cell and phagosome maturation in the macrophage.

scholarly journals Mucociliary Function: Its Variations with Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Satish C Kumar ◽  
AP Preetham ◽  
Musarrat Feshan
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Chronic Sinusitis ◽  
Clearance Time ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Mucociliary Function ◽  
Nose And Paranasal Sinuses ◽  
Nasal Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Nose And Throat

ABSTRACT Introduction This study compares the nasal mucociliary clearance time of patients with chronic sinusitis (pre- and postoperatively) and smokers, with controls, attending the ear, nose, and throat outpatient department at Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital, Perambur, Chennai. Materials and methods Saccharin granule was used to study mucociliary clearance as it is safe, easy, fast, and reliable. A total of 32 patients in each group were studied. In chronic rhinosinusitis patients, the test was done preoperatively and 4 weeks postoperatively. Results The average mucociliary clearance time pre- and post-operatively in chronic rhinosinusitis patients was 29.54 ± 28.68 and 12.17 ± 5.84 respectively. Cigarette smokers had a longer mucociliary clearance time (27.63 ± 21.11) compared with beedi smokers (24.04 ± 24.93). Controls had the fastest mucociliary clearance rate of 9.67 ± 4.62 among the study subjects. Conclusion Surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis improves both the overall symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis and the protective functions of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Smokers had an impaired clearance rate compared with normals. As age advances, the mucociliary clearance rate becomes slower. How to cite this article Vamanshankar H, Kumar SC, Preetham AP, Feshan M. Mucociliary Function: Its Variations with Disease. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(2):68-73.

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infects Langerhans cells and the novel epidermal dendritic cell, Epi-cDC2s, via different entry pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1009536
Author(s):  
Kirstie M. Bertram ◽  
Naomi R. Truong ◽  
Jacinta B. Smith ◽  
Min Kim ◽  
Kerrie J. Sandgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Endosomal Acidification ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Skin mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) provide the first interactions of invading viruses with the immune system. In addition to Langerhans cells (LCs), we recently described a second epidermal MNP population, Epi-cDC2s, in human anogenital epidermis that is closely related to dermal conventional dendritic cells type 2 (cDC2) and can be preferentially infected by HIV. Here we show that in epidermal explants topically infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), both LCs and Epi-cDC2s interact with HSV-1 particles and infected keratinocytes. Isolated Epi-cDC2s support higher levels of infection than LCs in vitro, inhibited by acyclovir, but both MNP subtypes express similar levels of the HSV entry receptors nectin-1 and HVEM, and show similar levels of initial uptake. Using inhibitors of endosomal acidification, actin and cholesterol, we found that HSV-1 utilises different entry pathways in each cell type. HSV-1 predominantly infects LCs, and monocyte-derived DCs, via a pH-dependent pathway. In contrast, Epi-cDC2s are mainly infected via a pH-independent pathway which may contribute to the enhanced infection of Epi-cDC2s. Both cells underwent apoptosis suggesting that Epi-cDC2s may follow the same dermal migration and uptake by dermal DCs that we have previously shown for LCs. Thus, we hypothesize that the uptake of HSV and infection of Epi-cDC2s will stimulate immune responses via a different pathway to LCs, which in future may help guide HSV vaccine development and adjuvant targeting.

scholarly journals ENT Manifestations in COVID-19 Positive Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Kuchhal ◽  
Shahzad Ahmad ◽  
Priyanka Chaurasia ◽  
Pradeep Rawat
Keyword(s):  
Conductive Hearing Loss ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Nasal Blockage ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Nasal Symptoms ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ear Symptoms ◽  
Conductive Hearing ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Muscle Ache

Abstract AIM: To study the status of ear, nose and throat in the patients diagnosed with the CoViD-19.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a perspective study in patients admitted in the isolation wards of Dr. Sushila Tiwari Hospital Haldwani between March 2020 and July 2020. There were 465 symptomatic patients out of total 727 patients diagnosed with CoViD-19 .RESULT: Since the CoViD-19 pandemic has begun, many individuals have noted many ENT manifestations along with the other general symptoms like fever(395 pt)>cough (326 pt) >weakness/fatigue (190 pt ) >difficulty in breathing (89 pt ) >muscle ache (58 pt ) >headache (56 pt) & diarrhoea (24 pt). Among ENT manifestations throat symptoms were found most common including loss of taste in 74 pt. It was noticed that most commonly sweet and salt goes first then sour taste vanish and bitter and chilli taste goes in the end, most of them were reversible after 2-3 weeks. Among nasal symptoms nasal congestion was found most common (72 pt) followed by loss of smell (88 pt), nasal blockage (66 pt) & runny nose (47 pt). loss of smell was also reversible in most of the cases after 2-3 weeks. Ear symptoms were not so commonly found. Although itching in bilateral ear, sensation of ear fullness, ear ache and conductive hearing loss were complained by some patients.CONCLUSION: This study represents the initial findings of all individuals with ENT manifestations along with the chemosensory loss in the symptomatic confirmed covid-19 patients. During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, changes in smell or taste are not being considered indicative of possible COVID-19 infection—especially in the absence of other high-suspicion symptoms.

scholarly journals Genital Herpes: Review of the Epidemic and Potential Use of Type-Specific Serology

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhoda L. Ashley ◽  
Anna Wald
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Genital Herpes ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Status ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Potential Use

SUMMARY Prevention of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections is desirable from both a public health standpoint and the patient’s perspective. A key factor in the spread of genital herpes infections is the high proportion of undiagnosed infections. Persons with subclinical or unrecognized infections are best diagnosed by accurate, type-specific antibody tests. Unfortunately, these tests are only now becoming widely available. The use of current, conventional (non-type-specific) serologic tests for diagnosis of herpes infections has resulted in confusion and misdiagnosis of patients. This review provides recent information on the epidemiology of genital herpes infections, describes the importance of subclinical herpes infection and shedding, summarizes the status of HSV type-specific serologic assays being developed, and provides indications for using such assays.

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